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    <title>Eriksen Costa</title>
    <description>Software developer and open source specialist. Helps organizations to deliver better software, continuously.
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    <link>https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/</link>
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    <pubDate>Tue, 19 May 2026 21:44:21 -0300</pubDate>
    <lastBuildDate>Tue, 19 May 2026 21:44:21 -0300</lastBuildDate>
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        <title>The Manager's Path: A Guide for Tech Leaders Navigating Growth and Change (Camille Fournier)</title>
        <description>&lt;p&gt;The Manager’s Path is a must-read for software engineering managers at all levels. Exploring important hard and soft skills that must be developed by managers, Fournier wrote an interesting and concise book.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The constant of the book is how a manager must hone her managing skills: not just themes like culture, leadership, feedback and performance management are discussed but challenging situations are also addressed.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Besides the hardships of management, the book also thrives on defining the responsibilities of each level: from mentoring junior staff to the delegation and efficient collaboration. Maybe it is the only book that has this kind of documentation (in the context of software organizations), also nicely summarized in the career ladder shared by Fournier on Chapter 9 (Creating Cultural Policy).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;However, I believe that some advice on structuring and processes was ill-made, where I highlight the childish treatment of process czars. The bulk of the book centers on middle-managers, who benefit a lot from the data generated by iterative processes (e.g. Agile methodologies) or flow-based methods (e.g. Kanban).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Indeed, understanding the underlying theories of these processes helps a manager to structure and develop in the organization capabilities like sustainable development pace, organizational agility, and continuous improvement. It is also counterintuitive, as the author highlights preconditions and capabilities (e.g. Create a Data-Driven Team Culture topic on Chapter 7) required for work excellence that is justly found in the body of work of Agile, Lean and, especially, Kanban (Kanban Maturity Model by David Anderson is a must-read).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The aforementioned observation does not taint The Manager’s Path, which still stands as a recommended read. It explores well themes like culture, leadership, feedback, performance management and it is maybe the only book that documents management roles for software organizations.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;some-quotes&quot;&gt;Some quotes&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Effective teams have good onboarding documents they provide to new hires. Things like step-by-step guides to setting up their development environments, learning how tracking systems work, and familiarizing themselves with the tools they will need for the job are crucial for new hires. These documents should constantly evolve to meet the changes of the workplace itself. Mentoring a new hire by helping her work through the documents, and having her modify those documents with any surprises she encounters during onboarding, provides a powerful message of commitment to her. It shows her that she has the power and obligation to learn, and to share what she’s learned for the benefit of your whole team.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;As with many titles in software engineering, “tech lead” lacks a common definition. The best I can do is draw from my own experience and the experience of others. My job as tech lead was to continue to write code, but with the added responsibilities of representing the group to management, vetting our plans for feature delivery, and dealing with a lot of the details of the project management process.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The work of breaking down a project has a lot of similarity to the work of designing systems, and learning this skill is valuable even for engineers who don’t want to manage people.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;You also know that it’s important to get your team into a schedule that allows them to be focused on development for long stretches of time, because they will need to focus for several days on coding problems. Part of your leadership is helping the other stakeholders, such as your boss and the product manager, respect the team’s focus and set up meeting calendars that are not overwhelming for individual contributors.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, remember that people in their first 90 days lack the context that the overall team possesses, so take their observations with the requisite grain of salt, and definitely don’t encourage people in this period to criticize the established processes or systems in a way that makes the existing team feel attacked.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;My goal in a 1-1 is first to listen to anything my direct reports want to discuss. I want the meeting to be driven by them, and I want to give them space to bring up whatever they feel is important.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Empathetic leaders can sometimes allow themselves to get sucked into an unhealthy closeness with their direct reports. If you start focusing a lot of energy on hearing reports’ complaints and commiserating, you’re quite possibly making the problem worse. You don’t have to have a to-do list, but problems in the workplace need to be either dealt with or put aside by mutual agreement. There is very little value to repeatedly focusing on drama.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Sometimes your 1-1s will be devoted to informal feedback and coaching. It’s good to hold these kinds of meetings at a regular interval, especially for your early-career employees. Quarterly is frequent enough to give the topic attention without it feeling like all you talk about is career development.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;When something goes well, don’t save up your praise — give it freely in the moment.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Practice looking for talents and achievements on your team, first and foremost. Good managers have a knack for identifying talents and helping people draw more out of their strengths. Yes, you’ll also want to look for weaknesses and areas for improvement, but if you spend most of your time trying to get people to correct weaknesses, you’ll end up with a style that feels more like continuous criticism.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Adopting a habit of positive recognition forces you to be on the lookout for things to praise, which in turn causes you to pay attention to what individuals are bringing to various projects. You don’t have to do this in public, but every week there should be at least one thing you can recognize about someone on your team. Even better, look for something to recognize weekly for everyone who reports to you.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Performance reviews go wrong because people aren’t given time to prioritize working on them, and many people find them hard to write. They go wrong because we tend to remember and overemphasize things that happened most recently, and forget about the things that happened six months or a year ago.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;If you’re a manager, you are going to play a key role in getting people on your team promoted. Sometimes it will simply be up to you to determine who gets promoted, but more commonly promotions will be reviewed by your management, or a committee. So you’ll not only need to have a good idea about who deserves to be promoted, but you’ll need to make a case for their promotion as well.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p&gt;Many organizations have a rule of “up or out” for early-career employees. The entry levels of most engineering career ladders expect that people at those levels will progress within a certain period of time, and if they don’t, they aren’t meeting expectations and will be fired. Generally, you want to make sure that long-term employees are capable of doing their day-to-day work independently, without a lot of oversight or help.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Humans, by and large, feel good when they set small goals and meet them regularly.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Usually, unhappiness due to overwork has a root in problems that you can address. For example, if overwork is due to (in)stability of the production systems, it’s your job as the manager to slow down the product roadmap in order to focus on stability for a while.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Consensus can appear morally authoritative, but that assumes that everyone involved in the voting process is impartial, has an equal stake in the various outcomes, and has equal knowledge of the context. These conditions are rarely met on teams where each person has different levels of expertise and different roles.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;(For managers of managers) Finally, even if you don’t intend to write much code, I strongly advise you to keep at least a solid half-day once a week completely free from meetings or other obligations, and try to use this time at least partially on some creative pursuit. You might write blog posts for your engineering blog, prepare conference talks, or participate in an open source project. Do something to scratch that creative itch, which can otherwise be hard for you to scratch as a manager.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;As a manager of multiple teams, you can win back a lot of time by pushing an efficient meetings culture down to your teams. Hold people accountable to prepare in whatever way makes sense. Ask for agenda items up front. Any sort of standard meeting that involves a group of people, whether it’s planning, retrospective, or postmortem, should have a clear procedure and expected outcomes.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The responsibility of keeping your teams successfully moving forward and happily engaged is on your shoulders. When you stop going to all of their internal meetings, you run the risk of missing out on the very clues that will help you catch problems early — a major one being the existence of too many boring meetings. During meetings, look around the room at your team and notice their engagement. If half of them are falling asleep, staring off into space, on their phones or laptops ignoring the proceedings, or otherwise disengaged, the meeting is wasting their time.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Tasks like project planning, systems design, or being the key person during an outage are the biggest opportunity you have to grow talent on your team while also making the team run better. Strong managers spend a lot of their time developing members of their teams in these areas. Your goal is to make your teams capable of operating at a high level without much input from you, and that means they’ll need individuals who can take over these complex tasks and run them without you around.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Project management. Onboarding new team members. Working with the product team to break down product roadmap goals into technical deliverables. Production support. These are all skills members of your team need to learn. Teaching them may take time up front, but in the long run it will save you time. Not only that, but teaching your team how to do these things is part of your job.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A manager’s job involves making it easy for her employees to get things done by creating fertile environments in which work can happen. She focuses her team so that they can do what they do best. She cultivates camaraderie and friendship on the team, and helps people learn new skills.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Saying no to your boss rarely looks like a simple “no” when you’re a manager. Instead, it looks like the “yes, and” technique of improvisational comedy. “Yes, we can do that project, and all we will need to do is delay the start of this other project that is currently on the roadmap.” Responding with positivity while still articulating the boundaries of reality will get you into the major leagues of senior leadership.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Laziness and impatience. We focus so we can go home, and we encourage going home because it forces us to constantly focus. This is how great teams scale.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;What is a skip-level meeting? Put briefly, it is a meeting with people who report to people who report to you. There are a few different ways that people hold these meetings, but their purpose is to help you get perspective on the health and focus of your teams. However you choose to hold them, keep this purpose in mind.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Beyond the coaching that you’ll need to provide your first-time managers, I recommend seeking out additional external training. If your HR team has a curriculum for new managers, make sure yours are given the time to attend, and encourage them to do so.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Let’s start with 1-1s. As we’ve discussed, 1-1s are an essential tool for a manager to determine the health of her team and gather and impart valuable information. Any manager you hire should role-play a few 1-1s as part of the interview process. One of the best ways to do this is by asking the people who would report to the new manager to interview her by asking her to help with problems they have right now, or have had in the recent past. Similar to a senior engineer being asked how he might approach debugging an issue that you just resolved, a good manager — even without a full understanding of the people or projects involved — should have good instincts for questions to ask and suggested next steps that might improve matters.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The more people you have, the more thoughtful structure you need to get everyone moving in the right direction. Leaders who want a high degree of control over their organization tend to need more structure in place to make sure their wishes are enacted. Modern companies often put their structural focus on goal setting instead of trying to make all decisions from the top, but don’t underestimate the structure you need to successfully set and communicate goals.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Success, on the other hand, tempts us with the silver bullet, that one weird trick that could make everything great. If you want to learn from success, make sure you can identify the actual improvement you’re seeking when applying those lessons more broadly, and that you understand the context required to repeat that success.&lt;/p&gt;

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</description>
        <pubDate>Wed, 28 Aug 2019 19:00:00 -0300</pubDate>
        <link>https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/camille-fournier-managers-path</link>
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      <item>
        <title>Programming in Scala: A Comprehensive Step-by-Step Guide, Third Edition (Martin Odersky et al.)</title>
        <description>&lt;p&gt;Programming in Scala manages to introduce the language in a deep way. It is a comprehensive step by step, with each chapter deepening the knowledge of the reader by expanding what was introduced in the previous chapters.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The language itself is a powerful blend of functional and object-oriented programming concepts, which are well explored in the book. The code examples are good and the book does not just keep the focus on the language but also explores themes like good code design. Although not always mentioned explicitly, it is possible to identify concerns with object-oriented design, testable code, and rich domain models.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Particularly interesting is the exploration of functional programming concepts. They receive the spotlight throughout the book, which will satisfy people looking to learn them well. Pure functions, referential transparency, high-order functions, first-class functions, and partially applied functions are not just explained but also blended in object-oriented code.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;However, there are some chapters that would benefit from an editorial review (maybe it was something done in the fourth edition). Chapter 19 (Type Parameterization) explanation of variance and bounds could be simpler. The concept is better understood after reading chapter 22 (Implementing Lists). Chapter 24 (Collections in Depth) was mostly ripped from the &lt;a href=&quot;https://docs.scala-lang.org/overviews/collections/introduction.html&quot;&gt;official documentation&lt;/a&gt;, without too much adaptation.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Also, there are some code listings that pretend to explain the inner workings of Scala in purely functional terms. The problem is that, when you look at Scala’s source code, the correspondence is not there. Albeit the code listings provide an interesting, functional, and sound explanation of the computations, the fact is that the actual code is optimized (and mostly procedural). Take, for example, the combinator parser method &lt;code&gt;~&lt;/code&gt; (listing 33.6), which is exemplified as a pattern matching application: it’s just an object instantiation in the source code. Even a method like &lt;code&gt;TraversableLike&lt;/code&gt;’s &lt;code&gt;filter&lt;/code&gt; (Scala pre-2.13, listing 25.2) which is listed in a more similar way to the actual code can confuse the more curious readers.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Mostly well written, with good code examples and exploration of good coding practices, Programming in Scala is a great programming book, succeeding in deeply introducing the language. It would benefit if it had practical examples of tasks like managing dependencies with sbt and packaging the project’s source code. But it delivers its promise. Recommended.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;some-quotes&quot;&gt;Some quotes&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;When you apply parentheses surrounding one or more values to a variable, Scala will transform the code into an invocation of a method named &lt;code&gt;apply&lt;/code&gt; on that variable. So &lt;code&gt;greetStrings(i)&lt;/code&gt; gets transformed into &lt;code&gt;greetStrings.apply(i)&lt;/code&gt;. Thus accessing an element of an array in Scala is simply a method call like any other. This principle is not restricted to arrays: any application of an object to some arguments in parentheses will be transformed to an &lt;code&gt;apply&lt;/code&gt; method call. Of course this will compile only if that type of object actually defines an &lt;code&gt;apply&lt;/code&gt; method. So it’s not a special case; it’s a general rule. Similarly, when an assignment is made to a variable to which parentheses and one or more arguments have been applied, the compiler will transform that into an invocation of an &lt;code&gt;update&lt;/code&gt; method that takes the arguments in parentheses as well as the object to the right of the equals sign.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;One of the big ideas of the functional style of programming is that methods should not have side effects. A method’s only act should be to compute and return a value. Some benefits gained when you take this approach are that methods become less entangled, and therefore more reliable and reusable. Another benefit (in a statically typed language) is that everything that goes into and out of a method is checked by a type checker, so logic errors are more likely to manifest themselves as type errors. Applying this functional philosophy to the world of objects means making objects immutable.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Thus, when you say &lt;code&gt;1 -&amp;gt; &quot;Go to island.&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, you are actually calling a method named &lt;code&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; on an integer with the value &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt;, passing in a string with the value &lt;code&gt;&quot;Go to island.&quot;&lt;/code&gt; This &lt;code&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt; method, which you can invoke on any object in a Scala program, returns a two-element tuple containing the key and value.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Defining a singleton object doesn’t define a type (at the Scala level of abstraction). Given just a definition of object &lt;code&gt;ChecksumAccumulator&lt;/code&gt;, you can’t make a variable of type &lt;code&gt;ChecksumAccumulator&lt;/code&gt;. Rather, the type named &lt;code&gt;ChecksumAccumulator&lt;/code&gt; is defined by the singleton object’s companion class. However, singleton objects extend a superclass and can mix in traits. Given each singleton object is an instance of its superclasses and mixed-in traits, you can invoke its methods via these types, refer to it from variables of these types, and pass it to methods expecting these types.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In Scala operators are not special language syntax; any method can be an operator. What makes a method an operator is how you use it. When you write &lt;code&gt;&quot;s.indexOf('o')&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;indexOf&lt;/code&gt; is not an operator. But when you write &lt;code&gt;&quot;s indexOf 'o'&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;indexOf&lt;/code&gt; is an operator, because you’re using it in operator notation.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;One of the benefits of object-oriented programming is that it allows you to encapsulate data inside objects so that you can ensure the data is valid throughout its lifetime.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Scala has only a handful of built-in control structures. The only control structures are &lt;code&gt;if&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;while&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;for&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;try&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;match&lt;/code&gt;, and function calls. The reason Scala has so few is that it has included function literals since its inception. Instead of accumulating one higher-level control structure after another in the base syntax, Scala accumulates them in libraries.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A second advantage to using a &lt;code&gt;val&lt;/code&gt; instead of a &lt;code&gt;var&lt;/code&gt; is that it better supports equational reasoning. The introduced variable is equal to the expression that computes it, assuming that expression has no side effects.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;an important design principle of the functional programming style: programs should be decomposed into many small functions that each do a well-defined task. Individual functions are often quite small. The advantage of this style is that it gives a programmer many building blocks that can be flexibly composed to do more difficult things. Each building block should be simple enough to be understood individually. One problem with this approach is that all the helper function names can pollute the program namespace. In the interpreter this is not so much of a problem, but once functions are packaged in reusable classes and objects, it’s desirable to hide the helper functions from clients of a class. They often do not make sense individually, and you often want to keep enough flexibility to delete the helper functions if you later rewrite the class a different way.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A function literal is compiled into a class that when instantiated at runtime is a function value. Thus the distinction between function literals and values is that function literals exist in the source code, whereas function values exist as objects at runtime. The distinction is much like that between classes (source code) and objects (runtime).&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A partially applied function is an expression in which you don’t supply all of the arguments needed by the function. Instead, you supply some, or none, of the needed arguments.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In languages with first-class functions, you can effectively make new control structures even though the syntax of the language is fixed. All you need to do is create methods that take functions as arguments.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Such parameterless methods are quite common in Scala. By contrast, methods defined with empty parentheses, such as &lt;code&gt;def height(): Int&lt;/code&gt;, are called empty-paren methods. The recommended convention is to use a parameterless method whenever there are no parameters and the method accesses mutable state only by reading fields of the containing object (in particular, it does not change mutable state). This convention supports the uniform access principle, which says that client code should not be affected by a decision to implement an attribute as a field or method&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Generally, Scala has just two namespaces for definitions in place of Java’s four. Java’s four namespaces are fields, methods, types, and packages. By contrast, Scala’s two namespaces are: values (fields, methods, packages, and singleton objects) types (class and trait names) The reason Scala places fields and methods into the same namespace is precisely so you can override a parameterless method with a val, something you can’t do with Java.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A factory object contains methods that construct other objects. Clients would then use these factory methods to construct objects, rather than constructing the objects directly with new. An advantage of this approach is that object creation can be centralized and the details of how objects are represented with classes can be hidden. This hiding will both make your library simpler for clients to understand, because less detail is exposed, and provide you with more opportunities to change your library’s implementation later without breaking client code.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Type inference in Scala is flow based. In a method application &lt;code&gt;m(args)&lt;/code&gt;, the inferencer first checks whether the method &lt;code&gt;m&lt;/code&gt; has a known type. If it does, that type is used to infer the expected type of the arguments. For instance, in &lt;code&gt;abcde.sortWith(_ &amp;gt; _)&lt;/code&gt;, the type of abcde is &lt;code&gt;List[Char]&lt;/code&gt;. Hence, sortWith is known to be a method that takes an argument of type &lt;code&gt;(Char, Char) =&amp;gt; Boolean&lt;/code&gt; and produces a result of type &lt;code&gt;List[Char]&lt;/code&gt;. Since the parameter types of the function arguments are known, they need not be written explicitly. With what it knows about sortWith, the inferencer can deduce that &lt;code&gt;(_ &amp;gt; _)&lt;/code&gt; should expand to &lt;code&gt;((x: Char, y: Char) =&amp;gt; x &amp;gt; y)&lt;/code&gt; where &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt; are some arbitrary fresh names.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;This inference scheme suggests the following library design principle: When designing a polymorphic method that takes some non-function arguments and a function argument, place the function argument last in a curried parameter list on its own. That way, the method’s correct instance type can be inferred from the non-function arguments, and that type can in turn be used to type check the function argument. The net effect is that users of the method will be able to give less type information and write function literals in more compact ways.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Besides being potentially easier to reason about, immutable collections can usually be stored more compactly than mutable ones if the number of elements stored in the collection is small. For instance an empty mutable map in its default representation of HashMap takes up about 80 bytes, and about 16 more are added for each entry that’s added to it. An empty immutable Map is a single object that’s shared between all references, so referring to it essentially costs just a single pointer field. What’s more, the Scala collections library currently stores immutable maps and sets with up to four entries in a single object, which typically takes up between 16 and 40 bytes, depending on the number of entries stored in the collection. So for small maps and sets, the immutable versions are much more compact than the mutable ones. Given that many collections are small, switching them to be immutable can bring important space savings and performance advantages.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;More precisely, an initializer &lt;code&gt;= _&lt;/code&gt; of a field assigns a zero value to that field. The zero value depends on the field’s type. It is 0 for numeric types, false for booleans, and null for reference types. This is the same as if the same variable was defined in Java without an initializer.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Private constructors and private members are one way to hide the initialization and representation of a class. Another more radical way is to hide the class itself and only export a trait that reveals the public interface of the class.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Implicit conversions are often helpful for working with two bodies of software that were developed without each other in mind. Each library has its own way to encode a concept that is essentially the same thing. Implicit conversions help by reducing the number of explicit conversions that are needed from one type to another.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Arrays are a special kind of collection in Scala. One the one hand, Scala arrays correspond one-to-one to Java arrays. That is, a Scala array &lt;code&gt;Array[Int]&lt;/code&gt; is represented as a Java &lt;code&gt;int[]&lt;/code&gt;, an &lt;code&gt;Array[Double]&lt;/code&gt; is represented as a Java &lt;code&gt;double[]&lt;/code&gt; and an &lt;code&gt;Array[String]&lt;/code&gt; is represented as a Java &lt;code&gt;String[]&lt;/code&gt;. But at the same time, Scala arrays offer much more their Java analogues. First, Scala arrays can be generic. That is, you can have an &lt;code&gt;Array[T]&lt;/code&gt;, where &lt;code&gt;T&lt;/code&gt; is a type parameter or abstract type. Second, Scala arrays are compatible with Scala sequences—you can pass an &lt;code&gt;Array[T]&lt;/code&gt; where a &lt;code&gt;Seq[T]&lt;/code&gt; is required.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;An extractor in Scala is an object that has a method called unapply as one of its members. The purpose of that unapply method is to match a value and take it apart. Often, the extractor object also defines a dual method apply for building values, but this is not required.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Representation independence is an important advantage of extractors over case classes. On the other hand, case classes also have some advantages of their own over extractors. First, they are much easier to set up and to define, and they require less code. Second, they usually lead to more efficient pattern matches than extractors, because the Scala compiler can optimize patterns over case classes much better than patterns over extractors. This is because the mechanisms of case classes are fixed, whereas an &lt;code&gt;unapply&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;unapplySeq&lt;/code&gt; method in an extractor could do almost anything. Third, if your case classes inherit from a sealed base class, the Scala compiler will check your pattern matches for exhaustiveness and will complain if some combination of possible values is not covered by a pattern. No such exhaustiveness checks are available for extractors. So which of the two methods should you prefer for your pattern matches? It depends. If you write code for a closed application, case classes are usually preferable because of their advantages in conciseness, speed and static checking. If you decide to change your class hierarchy later, the application needs to be refactored, but this is usually not a problem. On the other hand, if you need to expose a type to unknown clients, extractors might be preferable because they maintain representation independence.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;What’s more, every regular expression in Scala defines an extractor. The extractor is used to identify substrings that are matched by the groups of the regular expression.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Such tools are called meta-programming tools, because they are programs that take other programs as input. Annotations support these tools by letting the programmer sprinkle directives to the tool throughout their source code. Such directives let the tools be more effective than if they could have no user input.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;(…) the private keyword, so useful for implementing classes, is also useful for implementing modules. Items marked private are part of the implementation of a module, and thus are particularly easy to change without affecting other modules. At this point, many more facilities could be added, but you get the idea. Programs can be divided into singleton objects, which you can think of as modules.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;==&lt;/code&gt; equality is reserved in Scala for the “natural” equality of each type. For value types, &lt;code&gt;==&lt;/code&gt; is value comparison, just like in Java. For reference types, &lt;code&gt;==&lt;/code&gt; is the same as equals in Scala. You can redefine the behavior of &lt;code&gt;==&lt;/code&gt; for new types by overriding the &lt;code&gt;equals&lt;/code&gt; method, which is always inherited from class &lt;code&gt;Any&lt;/code&gt;. The inherited &lt;code&gt;equals&lt;/code&gt;, which takes effect unless overridden, is object identity, as is the case in Java. So &lt;code&gt;equals&lt;/code&gt; (and with it, &lt;code&gt;==&lt;/code&gt;) is by default the same as &lt;code&gt;eq&lt;/code&gt;, but you can change its behavior by overriding the &lt;code&gt;equals&lt;/code&gt; method in the classes you define. It is not possible to override &lt;code&gt;==&lt;/code&gt; directly, as it is defined as a final method in class &lt;code&gt;Any&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;It turns out that writing a correct equality method is surprisingly difficult in object-oriented languages. In fact, after studying a large body of Java code, the authors of a 2007 paper concluded that almost all implementations of equals methods are faulty.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Lastly, if you find that a particular hash code calculation is harming the performance of your program, consider caching the hash code. If the object is immutable, you can calculate the hash code when the object is created and store it in a field. You can do this by simply overriding hashCode with a &lt;code&gt;val&lt;/code&gt; instead of a &lt;code&gt;def&lt;/code&gt;, like this: &lt;code&gt;override val hashCode: Int = (numer, denom).##&lt;/code&gt; This approach trades off memory for computation time, because each instance of the immutable class will have one more field to hold the cached hash code value.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Scala does not check that thrown exceptions are caught. That is, Scala has no equivalent to Java’s throws declarations on methods. All Scala methods are translated to Java methods that declare no thrown exceptions.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;With shared data and locks, you must get the program correct through reason alone. Moreover, you can’t solve the problem by over-synchronizing either. It can be just as problematic to synchronize everything as it is to synchronize nothing. Although new lock operations may remove possibilities for race conditions, they simultaneously add possibilities for deadlocks.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Although not a silver bullet, Scala’s Future offers one way to deal with concurrency that can reduce, and often eliminate, the need to reason about shared data and locks. When you invoke a Scala method, it performs a computation “while you wait” and returns a result. If that result is a Future, the Future represents another computation to be performed asynchronously, often by a completely different thread. As a result, many operations on Future require an implicit execution context that provides a strategy for executing functions asynchronously.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The async testing use case illustrates a general principle for working with futures: Once in “future space,” try to stay in future space. Don’t block on a future then continue the computation with the result. Stay asynchronous by performing a series of transformations, each of which returns a new future to transform. To get results out of future space, register side effects to be performed asynchronously once futures complete. This approach will help you make maximum use of your threads.&lt;/p&gt;

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</description>
        <pubDate>Thu, 22 Aug 2019 19:00:00 -0300</pubDate>
        <link>https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/martin-odersky-programming-scala</link>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/martin-odersky-programming-scala</guid>
        
        
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        <title>Kanban Maturity Model: Evolving Fit-for-Purpose Organizations (David Anderson et al.)</title>
        <description>&lt;p&gt;The Kanban Maturity Model (KMM) has as purpose supporting the adoption of Kanban and to developing organizational capabilities to create a business capable of survivability in the long term by delivering produces and services that meet or outserves customer expectations.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The book starts with the presentation of the model, describing the seven maturity levels (ML) and the observable behaviors and kanban patterns of each level. The maturity levels are:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;ML0 Oblivious: the organization is oblivious to the need to follow a process, with ambivalence about the value of management and lack of collaborative working&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;ML1 Emerging: there is a recognition that management adds value but there is no consistency of process, policy usage, or decision framework. There is no consistency of the desired outcome&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;ML2 Defined: there is a basic definition of processes, workflow, policies, and decision frameworks, which are followed consistently. However, there is still a lack of consistency in the desired outcome&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;ML3 Managed: there is a consistency of process, policy usage, or decision frameworks. There is now a consistency of the desired outcome with customer expectations being met&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;ML4 Quantitatively Managed: the organization moves its focus to economic outcomes as well as developing robustness against unforeseen events and exceptional circumstances. The goal is to be ever “fitter-for-purpose” from the perspective of a variety of stakeholders&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;ML5 Optimizing: the focus is now on optimizing for efficiency and improved economic outcomes, increasing productivity without sacrificing quality, increasing margins, extracting premium prices for premium classes of service or quality, minimizing costs, and optimizing the value of work done through a superior prioritization and triage capability. Significant job satisfaction is now derived from delivering improvements&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;ML6 Congruent: the business is truly “built to last”. At this level, the business is capable of questioning the identity of the business, its purpose, what is done to deliver on its purpose and how it does that. The business anticipates market needs as it is constantly redesigned around customer segments aimed at long term survivability&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Then on part II, the book delves into the practices available at each maturity level, presenting them in six chapters that group them into the each of the Kanban values: Visualize, Limit Work-in-Progress, Manage Flow, Make Policies Explicit, Implement Feedback Loops, and Improve Continuously, Evolve Experimentally. If the part I is about the depth of the model, part II is about its breadth of each maturity level.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The integration of the model with the Fit-for-Purpose framework (co-created by David Anderson, one of the co-authors of the KMM) and with the Real World Risk Model gives more tools to support a Kanban adoption. The Fit-for-Purpose, in special, make the classes of services more focused on the stakeholders perspective thanks to the framework’s metrics classification. The mapping of the Real World Risk Model, interwoven with the maturity levels and its practices gives the business the capabilities of risks’ hedging in an increasing awareness level.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The book is more a reference than a pleasant cover-to-cover reading. Part 1 has a more prose style. Part II, however, is the reference part of the book (and the longest) and is all about the practices. But I recommend a cover-to-cover reading as a lot of Kanban adoption gems are available in part II. It will give food for thought, making the reader reflect on his previous Kanban implementation attempts (and even on projects not managed with a kanban system). Absolutely essential to any Kanban practitioner.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;some-quotes&quot;&gt;Some quotes&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The purpose of the Kanban Maturity Model is to support the development of the following organizational capabilities:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Relief from overburdening&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Delivering on customer expectations&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Organizational agility&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Predictable economic outcomes and financial robustness&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Survivability&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;!-- Page: 3 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;(Maturity Level 0 - Oblivious) At maturity level 0, individuals are responsible for handling their own tasks. Frequently, the person who performs the work is the use of its outcome as well; that is, the work is self-generated tasks rather than customer requested work orders.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Page: 8 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;(Maturity Level 0 - Oblivious - Observable behavior) The organization is oblivious to the need to follow a process. There is ambivalence about the value of management or organizational processes or policies. There is no collaborative working or, if there is, there is no recognition of collaboration. Collaboration may be fleeting, on an ad hoc basis without recognition of a pattern or repeated need. There is no concept of “a team” — a group of people who work collaboratively to deliver on a common goal.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Page: 8 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;(Maturity Level 1 - Emerging) At maturity level 1, there is recognition that management adds value and that some organizational structure and transparency to how work is done will offer consistency. &lt;em&gt;Emerging&lt;/em&gt; covers a wide range of aspects of process, management concepts, and behavior. At the lowest level, there would be no definition of processes, procedures, or workflows. However, some collaborative work will be happening. There is some form of “value-stream” rather than mere individual craft work taking place.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Page: 9 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;(Maturity Level 1 - Emerging - Observable behavior) There is no consistency of process, policy usage, or decision framework. There is no consistency of desired outcome. Work is not seen as a combination of services, and customers perceive service delivery as unreliable.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;There is an understanding of what the work is, but perhaps not how it should be done, what the finished product should look like, or the service delivery expectations of customers. There is little understanding of who the customer is or why they have requested the work. Consequently, there is an observable lack of alignment among teams. This affects the consistency of product design and implementation as well as service delivery.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Page: 10 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;(Maturity Level 2 - Defined) At maturity level 2, there is a basic definition of processes, workflow, policies, and decision frameworks. These are followed consistently. There is recognition that the process definitions describe “the way we do things.” However, there is still a lack of consistency in the desired outcome. Customers will observe unacceptable inconsistencies in quality and service delivery, though less so than at maturity level 1.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Page: 12 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;(Maturity Level 2 - Defined - Observable behavior) The process, policy usage, and decision frameworks are consistent. However, there is still no consistency of the desired outcome.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;There is an understanding of what the work is, and both how it should be done and what the finished product should look like, as well as the service delivery expectations. There may not be a full understanding of who the customer is or why they have requested the work. This is most often true for shared and internal services that lack visibility to the end customer and the motivation or purpose behind a work request or the risks associated with that work or its delivery. As a consequence, there may be an observable lack of alignment among teams and interdependent service workflows. This affects the consistency of service delivery as seen by the customer.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Page: 12 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;(Maturity Level 3 - Managed) At maturity level 3, there is an agreed and understood definition of processes, workflow, policies, and decision frameworks. These are followed consistently, and, in addition, desired outcomes are achieved consistently within customer expectations and tolerances.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Page: 15 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;(Maturity Level 3 - Managed - Observable behavior) There is a consistency of process, policy usage, or decision frameworks. There is now a consistency of desired outcome. Customer expectations are being met. Product design, quality, and service delivery are all within customer expectations and tolerance levels.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;There is an understanding of what the work is — both in how it should be done and what the finished product should look like — as well as the service delivery expectations. There is a strong sense of unity and purpose along the value stream or across the workflow. There is a sense of a team collaborating to deliver a piece of work. There is a full understanding of who the customer is and why they have requested the work. There is a strong sense of fulfilment amongst the workers when delivering finished work.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Page: 15-16 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;(Maturity Level 4 - Quantitatively Managed) At maturity level 4, design, implementation, and service delivery have become routinely “fit-for-purpose.” Consistency of process and consistency of outcome have the effect of relieving a lot of stress, and the organization moves its focus to economic outcomes as well as developing robustness against unforeseen events and exceptional circumstances. Attention is now given to quantitative risk management and economics. The question is now whether consistency of delivery can be achieved within economic expectations of cost or margin, and whether performance can be robust to unforeseen circumstances through appropriate risk hedging. Quantitative analysis of metrics and measures becomes more important. The goal is to be ever “fitter-for-purpose” from the perspective of a variety of stakeholders.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Page: 19 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;(Maturity Level 4 - Quantitatively Managed - Observable behavior) Work is now classified by customer risks, and a variety of classes of service is offered. Demand shaping or capacity limitations by work type and class of risk are present. Triage is now driven by risk assessment, and class of service is directly linked to risk. Scheduling is influenced by cost-of-delay and a quantitative understanding of service delivery risks such as the probability distribution of lead time.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;(…)&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;There is extensive systems thinking and service-orientation present in the organization. Organizational units are now forming around defined services with known and understood dependencies. Shared services are recognized as a highly effective and efficient approach and therefore are desirable economically. Shared services are seen as providing an advantage to organizational agility — the ability to reconfigure quickly to changing marked, regulatory, or political conditions.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Page: 19-20 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;(Maturity Level 5 - Optimizing) At maturity level 5, not only have design, implementation, and service delivery become routinely “fit-for-purpose,” the business is now entirely “fit-for-purpose” from a shareholder’s perspective. The focus is now on optimizing for efficiency and improved economic outcomes, increasing productivity without sacrificing quality, increasing margins, extracting premium prices for premium classes of service or quality, minimizing costs, and optimizing the value of work done through a superior prioritization and triage capability. The goal at ML5 is to be “fittest-for-purpose.” A strong culture of continuous improvement has emerged and we observe acts of leadership at all levels contributing to improved performance. The workforce feels empowered to suggest and implement changes. Workers have a sense of ownership over their own processes and a sense of pride in their capabilities and outcomes. There is a culture of “seeking forgiveness” rather than “asking permission” and consequently the organization is able to act and move qiuickly. Individual units can act with autonomy while remaining aligned to strategy, goals, and objectives. The organization has agility and is readily reconfigured to offer new services and/or classes of service. The business is now solidly robust to changing customer expectations and other externalities.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Page: 21 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;(Maturity Level 5 - Optimizing - Observable behavior) There is extensive process instrumentation. Improvement opportunities are aligned to customer fitness criteria metrics. Improvement driver metrics are formally established. Improvement drivers have achievable targets. Improvement initiatives are predictive, model-driven, and there is a known causation between improvement action and forecasted outcome. Significant job satisfaction is now derived from delivering improvements, as delivering customer requested work within expectations and to the customer’s satisfaction is now routine and is taken for granted.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;(…)&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;New services can be rapibly defined and composed of calls to a network of existing shared services. Reconfiguring the organization to service different markets with different classes of service is now a routine action causing little to no disruption.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Page: 21 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;(Maturity Level 6 - Congruent) Maturity level 6 is when we can claim that a business is truly “built to last.” At level 6, we observe several double-loop learning capabilities. The business is capable of questioning:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Is the way we do things still competitive? Are new technologies, processes, methods, or means becoming available that we should be investigating or adopting?&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Do we offer the right products and services? and if not, how should we change?&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Are we serving the right markets? and do we have the capability to serve our chosen markets adequately?&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Who are we as a company? and is our current identity relevant and appropriate? or do we need to reinvent ourselves?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;!-- Page: 23 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;(Maturity Level 6 - Congruent - Anticipated behavior) There should be extensive market instrumentation to provide feedback on wheter the firm’s products and services are viewed as “fit-for-purpose.” Market segments should be oriented around customer purpose. The entire business should be service oriented and driven by service delivery. There should be assessment of design, implementation, and service delivery capabilities against expectations in each market segment. The organization should be capable of transparently reporting its fitness-for-purpose in each segment. Improvement actions should be driven by a desire to amplify a segment or switch it off.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Page: 23-24 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Maturity levels 1 through 5 provide various scales of single-loop learning — getting better at what we do and how we do it. Maturity level 6 sees the emergence of two forms of double-loop learning. This manifests as a capability to question:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Is our strategy correct? Are we offering the right products and services to the right markets? Should we redefine our market segmentation and change the products and services we offer?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;and&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Do we as a business have the right identity for the current business, political, economic, and technological environments in which we compete?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;!-- Page: 27 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;(MF 3.12 Forecast delivery) A forecast is a prediction of what will happen in the future. There are two basic types of delivery forecast: forecast when a delivery of a fixed scope of work will be made (&lt;em&gt;when will it be done?&lt;/em&gt;) and forecast how much work will be delivered on a fixed and known delivery date (&lt;em&gt;how much can I expect?&lt;/em&gt;). Unlike estimating, which tends to use a reductionist and deterministic approach, forecasting uses a probabilistic, non-deterministic approach. Consequently, forecasting is cheaper, faster, and often more accurate than estimating. We might think of estimating as a white-box approach that requires a lot of analysis and guess work, while forecasting takes a black-box approach that relies on factual historical data to model a probability distribution.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Page: 102 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;(MF 4.3 Use two-phase commit for delivery commitment) The term &lt;em&gt;two-phase commit&lt;/em&gt;, with respect to kanban systems, refers to breaking out the commitment to do something with the specific commitment to deliver on a particular date. Analogously, it is compared to the act of becoming engaged versus the wedding ceremony. Engagement to be married is a commitment to marry. It is a commitment to proceed. However, it is extremely rare for the wedding day already to be set and planned at the point of the engagement. Hence, the act of getting married involves a two-phase commitment. First, the promise to marry, followed, on the day of the wedding, by the actual commitment to marry.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;(…)&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Psychologically, two-phase commit has an advantage: it makes it far more likely that an item will be delivered against a specific promise of delivery. A single commitment to both undertake the work and make delivery on a given day or within a specific period is fragile: there is a greater probability of late delivery and a broken promise. Hence, use of a two-phase commitment enables a service to be seen as much more trustworthy from the customer’s perspective.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Page: 107-108 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;(XP 3.1 Establish explicit purpose of metrics) For each metric or measure recorded and reported, there should be an explicit purpose detailing why the metric is captured and how it is used; that is, what decisions and actions might be expected based on changes in the reported data.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;It may be helpful, though not expected, at ML3 for the metrics to be classified using the Fit-for-Purpose Framework. Each metric should be classified as a Fitness Criteria (for a specific customer purpose) and hence a Key Performance Indicator (KPI), General Health Indicator, Improvement Driver, or Vanity Metric.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Page: 123 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;(XP 3.7 Establish customer acceptance criteria for each work item or class of work items) Customer acceptance criteria ensure that customer expectations are properly understood for a given product or service. They remove ambiguity and prevent misunderstandings with respect to customer satisfaction.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Page: 126 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;(XP 5.1 Align strategy and capability) Misaligned strategy and capability happens when current capability is insufficient to meet customer expectations. The customer would find the product or service unfit-for-purpose.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;(…)&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Customer or market segments should be  based on our ability to meet expectations for design, implementation, and service delivery. In general, new capabilities — new design features, new implementation capability, or new service delivery capability — should be developed before targeting a segment or a specific customer with expectations beyond our current capability.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;(…)&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In maturity level 5 organizations, capability leads strategy. Strategies are chosen based on current capabilities or planned capabilities where there is strong confidence that a sufficient level of capability will be achieved.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Page: 130-131 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A lack of customer focus will be an impediment to achieving maturity level 3. Again, this will become more and more acute the deeper the attempted implementation or the greater the scale of the implementation. To achieve level 3 and deeper, an organization needs to think in terms of services and see the organization as a network of interdependent services.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Page: 169 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;To achieve maturity level 4, there needs to be respect for the shareholders and the concept that there is a business, an economic entity, which requires making profits in order to exist. Without respect for the owners who have placed capital at risk, there will be scant regard for margins, profitability, cost controls, and so forth. There will be no drive to achieve deep maturity level 5 and 6 if the long-term survival of the business isn’t explicitly valued. It is common for founders or founding families to value long-term survival. Their interests are aligned with the lowest paid and least mobile of the workforce. It is often the middle maangers who are least vested in long-term survival — there is nothing in it for them, no shared interests, and their skill set and relative wealth make them highly mobile and resilient to partial or total business failure. To enable levels 5 and 6, it is necessary that senior leaders align the interests of middle management and give them “skin in the game” of long-term survival. Traditionally, this was done using corporate pension schemes rather than the more common employer-subsidized individual contributor systems preferred in modern business. Other approaches typically involve employee ownership, including stock grants or stock options with vesting periods typically exceeding five years. Such systems have had limited success in creating a middle-ranking workforce truly vested in long-term corporate survival. Leaders need to think deeply about how to align the interests of highly mobile, economically secure middle managers if deep maturity is to achieved and sustained.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Page: 169-170 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;
</description>
        <pubDate>Thu, 25 Jul 2019 19:00:00 -0300</pubDate>
        <link>https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/david-anderson-kanban-maturity-model</link>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/david-anderson-kanban-maturity-model</guid>
        
        
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        <title>Measure What Matters: How Google, Bono, and the Gates Foundation Rock the World with OKRs (John Doerr)</title>
        <description>&lt;p&gt;Measure What Matters present the OKRs, the tool created at Intel by Andy Grove that enabled the company to thrive amidst the competition of the huge chip companies of the time. The idea is simple: by the means of a collaborative goal-setting protocol, OKRs will guide an organization to stellar performance. OKRs enable that because of its superpowers: focus and commit to priorities, align and connect for teamwork, track for accountability, and stretch for amazing.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The way the book does that is by telling stories, most of the time written by people coached by the author. The majority of the stories are interesting, like Intel’s Operation Crush story, the Remind story, and the MyFitnessPal story. The downside of these stories is that they make the book less cohesive, as the mix of writing styles and the different language used to describe the OKRs muddies the understanding. Some stories seem clueless on how they reached success, despite the effort to correlate that with the OKRs.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;However, the book finishes greatly in its last part, by showing how OKRs helps with performance management. Instead of doing an annual or bi-annual performance review, Doerr introduces the CFRs, short for Conversations, Feedback, and Recognition. And then it finishes with more stories, that at this point of the book do not augments the performance management subject. The last story, by Bono Vox, seems to be there only to fill some pages more.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;So, I expect any reader to really understand the benefits of OKRs by the end of the book. The tool is simple but it could have a more cohesive treatment on the book, with more examples on how to set objectives and key results. But an experienced manager will be capable to add OKRs to its toolset and explore it inside a managed and defined workflow.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Measure What Matters could be a shorter and more cohesive book. Nonetheless, it contains interesting stories, which prevents the book to be a boring read.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;some-quotes&quot;&gt;Some quotes&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The practice that molded me at Intel and saved me at Sun—that still inspires me today—is called OKRs. Short for Objectives and Key Results. It is a collaborative goal-setting protocol for companies, teams, and individuals. Now, OKRs are not a silver bullet. They cannot substitute for sound judgment, strong leadership, or a creative workplace culture. But if those fundamentals are in place, OKRs can guide you to the mountaintop.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;“A management methodology that helps to ensure that the company focuses efforts on the same important issues throughout the organization.” An OBJECTIVE, I explained, is simply WHAT is to be achieved, no more and no less. By definition, objectives are significant, concrete, action oriented, and (ideally) inspirational. When properly designed and deployed, they’re a vaccine against fuzzy thinking—and fuzzy execution. KEY RESULTS benchmark and monitor HOW we get to the objective. Effective KRs are specific and time-bound, aggressive yet realistic. Most of all, they are measurable and verifiable.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Many companies have a “rule of seven,” limiting managers to a maximum of seven direct reports. In some cases, Google has flipped the rule to a minimum of seven. (When Jonathan Rosenberg headed Google’s product team, he had as many as twenty.) The higher the ratio of reports, the flatter the org chart—which means less top-down oversight, greater frontline autonomy, and more fertile soil for the next breakthrough. OKRs help make all of these good things possible.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Drucker aimed to map out “a principle of management that will give full scope to individual strength and responsibility and at the same time give common direction of vision and effort, establish team work and harmonize the goals of the individual with the common weal.” He discerned a basic truth of human nature: When people help choose a course of action, they are more likely to see it through. In 1954, in his landmark book The Practice of Management, Drucker codified this principle as “management by objectives and self-control.” It became Andy Grove’s foundation and the genesis of what we now call the OKR.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Andy Grove’s quantum leap was to apply manufacturing production principles to the “soft professions,” the administrative, professional, and managerial ranks. He sought to “create an environment that values and emphasizes output” and to avoid what Drucker termed the “activity trap”: “[S]tressing output is the key to increasing productivity, while looking to increase activity can result in just the opposite.” On an assembly line, it’s easy enough to distinguish output from activity. It gets trickier when employees are paid to think. Grove wrestled with two riddles: How can we define and measure output by knowledge workers? And what can be done to increase it?&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A tool, not a weapon. The OKR system, Grove wrote, “is meant to pace a person—to put a stopwatch in his own hand so he can gauge his own performance. It is not a legal document upon which to base a performance review.” To encourage risk taking and prevent sandbagging, OKRs and bonuses are best kept separate.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;What are our main priorities for the coming period? Where should people concentrate their efforts? An effective goal-setting system starts with disciplined thinking at the top, with leaders who invest the time and energy to choose what counts.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p&gt;Leaders must get across the why as well as the what. Their people need more than milestones for motivation. They are thirsting for meaning, to understand how their goals relate to the mission. And the process can’t stop with unveiling top-line OKRs at a quarterly all-hands meeting. As LinkedIn CEO Jeff Weiner likes to say, “When you are tired of saying it, people are starting to hear it.”&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In other words: Key results are the levers you pull, the marks you hit to achieve the goal. If an objective is well framed, three to five KRs will usually be adequate to reach it. Too many can dilute focus and obscure progress. Besides, each key result should be a challenge in its own right. If you’re certain you’re going to nail it, you’re probably not pushing hard enough.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A few goal-setting ground rules: Key results should be succinct, specific, and measurable. A mix of outputs and inputs is helpful. Finally, completion of all key results must result in attainment of the objective. If not, it’s not an OKR.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In most cases, the ideal number of quarterly OKRs will range between three and five. It may be tempting to usher more objectives inside the velvet rope, but it’s generally a mistake. Too many objectives can blur our focus on what counts, or distract us into chasing the next shiny thing.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Each time you make a commitment, you forfeit your chance to commit to something else. This, of course, is an inevitable, inescapable consequence of allocating any finite resource. People who plan have to have the guts, honesty, and discipline to drop projects as well as to initiate them, to shake their heads “no” as well as to smile “yes.”… We must realize—and act on the realization—that if we try to focus on everything, we focus on nothing.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p&gt;To inspire true commitment, leaders must practice what they teach. They must model the behavior they expect of others.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Once top-line objectives are set, the real work begins. As they shift from planning to execution, managers and contributors alike tie their day-to-day activities to the organization’s vision. The term for this linkage is alignment, and its value cannot be overstated. According to the Harvard Business Review, companies with highly aligned employees are more than twice as likely to be top performers.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Innovation tends to dwell less at the center of an organization than at its edges. The most powerful OKRs typically stem from insights outside the C-suite. As Andy Grove observed, “People in the trenches are usually in touch with impending changes early. Salespeople understand shifting customer demands before management does; financial analysts are the earliest to know when the fundamentals of a business change.”&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Micromanagement is mismanagement.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p&gt;Google divides its OKRs into two categories, committed goals and aspirational (or “stretch”) goals. It’s a distinction with a real difference. Committed objectives are tied to Google’s metrics: product releases, bookings, hiring, customers. Management sets them at the company level, employees at the departmental level. In general, these committed objectives—such as sales and revenue goals—are to be achieved in full (100 percent) within a set time frame. Aspirational objectives reflect bigger-picture, higher-risk, more future-tilting ideas. They originate from any tier and aim to mobilize the entire organization. By definition, they are challenging to achieve. Failures—at an average rate of 40 percent—are part of Google’s territory.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;To succeed, a stretch goal cannot seem like a long march to nowhere. Nor can it be imposed from on high without regard to realities on the ground. Stretch your team too fast and too far, and it may snap. In pursuing high-effort, high-risk goals, employee commitment is essential. Leaders must convey two things: the importance of the outcome, and the belief that it’s attainable.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Annual performance reviews are costly, exhausting, and mostly futile. On average, they swallow 7.5 hours of manager time for each direct report. Yet only 12 percent of HR leaders deem the process “highly effective” in driving business value. Only 6 percent think it’s worth the time it takes. Distorted recency bias, burdened by stack rankings and bell curves, these end-of-year evaluations can’t possibly be fair or well measured.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;What business leaders have learned, very painfully, is that individuals cannot be reduced to numbers. Even Peter Drucker, the champion of well-measured goals, understood the limits of calibration. A manager’s “first role,” Drucker said, “is the personal one. It’s the relationship with people, the development of mutual confidence… the creation of a community.” Or as Albert Einstein observed, “Not everything that can be counted counts, and not everything that counts can be counted.”&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;That transformational system, the contemporary alternative to annual reviews, is continuous performance management. It is implemented with an instrument called CFRs, for: Conversations: an authentic, richly textured exchange between manager and contributor, aimed at driving performance Feedback: bidirectional or networked communication among peers to evaluate progress and guide future improvement Recognition: expressions of appreciation to deserving individuals for contributions of all sizes.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p&gt;It might sound almost too easy, but continuous performance management will lift every individual’s achievement. It elevates performance, bottom to top. It works wonders for morale and personal development, for leaders and contributors alike. And when leveraged with the quarterly goals and built-in tracking of OKRs, it can be even more powerful.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A key point about a one-on-one: It should be regarded as the subordinate’s meeting, with its agenda and tone set by him… The supervisor is there to learn and coach.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In developing organizations, feedback is generally led by HR and often scheduled. In more mature organizations, feedback is ad hoc, real-time, and multidirectional, an open dialogue between people anywhere in the organization.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p&gt;Continuous recognition is a powerful driver of engagement: “As soft as it seems, saying ‘thank you’ is an extraordinary tool to building an engaged team… ‘[H]igh-recognition’ companies have 31 percent lower voluntary turnover than companies with poor recognition cultures.”&lt;/p&gt;

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</description>
        <pubDate>Wed, 24 Jul 2019 19:00:00 -0300</pubDate>
        <link>https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/john-doerr-measure-what-matters</link>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/john-doerr-measure-what-matters</guid>
        
        
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        <title>Fit for Purpose: How Modern Business Find, Satisfy, &amp; Keep Customers (David Anderson et al.)</title>
        <description>&lt;p&gt;The Fit-for-Purpose framework will close a lot of gaps in the pursuit of business agility, by enabling businesses to really understand what is working or not in its products and/or services by giving clarity on the selection criteria used by the customers.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The book starts by describing the elements that contribute to a product or service: the design, the implementation, and service delivery. And for a product to be fit-for-purpose for different customers, all the components need to be sufficiently good. Then the discussion evolves by using examples from real-world business (like pizza joints, taxis, and musicians), which makes the concept easily understandable for the different customers of the book.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;By the end of the first section of the book, it is clear what the framework is about: it is about segmenting the customers and to find their purposes to select the product. Then the second section goes fully on metrics, which would worth the book by itself. You’ll reflect deeply about them.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Discussing on how business drowns in unhelpful metrics that get in the way of good decision making, the authors then categorize the metrics in four simple types: fitness criteria (the KPIs), health indicators, improvement metrics, and vanity metrics. A call to action is made to question why the metrics are collected and to determine whether they are fit-for-purpose.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;On section III, Managing Fit-for-Purpose, the book explores the quantitative tools and the decision making available in the framework. And on the last section, it explores how the framework integrates with other tools and methodologies and also exposes its shortcomings.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The journey of David Anderson to expand evolutionary management methods throughout the entire business is truly remarkable. This book is a solid start for the upcoming books that will form the trilogy. The book could be shorter, but besides this little downside in its implementation, it was fit for my purpose. I hope it will be fit for your purpose too. Recommended.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Poster: https://www.fitterforpurpose.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/f4p4forbookv2.pdf --&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;some-quotes&quot;&gt;Some quotes&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Third, customers choose products and services by relatively few criteria, yet many companies drown in data and metrics. Fourth, frontline staff are a great source of knowledge about customer purpose, yet the frontline staff in many companies are among the shortest-tenured, lowest-paid, and most disconnected from the decision makers.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p&gt;What this story clearly illustrates is that customer satisfaction requires attention to all three elements—the product design must be right, the implementation must be right, and the service delivery must also live up to expectations. If any one of these elements isn’t good enough, disappointment ensues, resulting in poor reviews and a lack of recommendations.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Different purposes, different selection criteria, different vendors; same product, but at differing quality levels. Neeta’s purpose controlled her selection criteria. To understand what your customers expect and what keeps them coming back again and again, you need to understand why they choose your product or service. You need to understand their purpose—the customer’s “why.” What purpose were they fulfilling when they consumed your product or service?&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p&gt;Interestingly, for many tangible goods physical businesses, the people who know most about the customer “why” are often the lowest paid, shortest tenured staff members. Many businesses don’t value their customer interface, their customer-facing staff. They treat these personnel as fungible commodities and accept high levels of staff turnover. There is no institutional memory and little learning. Valuable information—almost impossible to acquire even via expensive market research—leaves with every employee’s exit.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p&gt;Segmentation based on customer purpose—based on “why”—should be your new go-to-market strategy, and correctly identifying your customer’s fitness criteria is core to your success. An ability to correctly identify fitness criteria and respond to them with appropriate designs, implementation, and service delivery is what will make your business robust in the coming years.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p&gt;Fitness Box Score and F4P Cards are new tools to understand your customer’s “why.” They have evolved to give you actionable information. These techniques also offer substantial improvements over the popular Net Promoter Score (NPS).&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Fitness criteria are used to make selections. Fitness Criteria are KPIs—they indicate the likelihood of a desirable outcome that will satisfy the customer.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We believe many companies are using the term “key performance indicator” for metrics that do not reflect selection and do not predict desirable outcomes and satisfied customers. As a result, these businesses are optimizing for the wrong things—they are like the teams playing against Oakland in 2002, selecting players based on criteria that do not directly relate to winning.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We believe that too many companies measure general health indicators and treat them as key performance indicators. They are then puzzled when their performance is not market- or industry-leading. They are like cyclists with very low resting heart rates who simply can’t understand why they aren’t winning races. There are no medals for lowest resting heart rate!&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We believe that a company’s metrics can be classified into four categories:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Fitness criteria, with a threshold, used for selection (by customers)&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;General health indicators, with a range, used to monitor capabilities, or aspects of the business&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Improvement drivers, with a target, used to motivate improvements, and generally linked in a causal fashion to fitness criteria&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Vanity metrics, which make us feel good, where more is always better&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Fitness criteria are your KPIs. They affect customers’ choices directly. For each fitness criterion (KPI), you have to know what level of performance you need to win customers in each customer segment, that is, what levels they deem acceptable or exceptional.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In summary, fitness criteria have two thresholds: The threshold of acceptable performance, below which we are unfit-for-purpose The threshold of exceptional performance, beyond which we have overserved the market segment&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p&gt;Lots of metrics already tracked by companies are health indicators. They don’t affect customers’ choices, but they may be the businesses’ vital signs. They tell us whether we have a pulse. They tell us if our business is healthy enough to pursue its strategy. Sometimes they give us advance warning if we’re in danger of missing our fitness criteria. A sudden change of a health indicator—an upward or downward trend—should cause the business to re-evaluate its strategy or operations. They are performance indicators, but not key ones!&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p&gt;General health indicators tell you that your business is alive, and changes in them indicate that the business is doing better or worse or that something may have changed in the environment that is affecting performance.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;For your metrics to be fit-for-purpose, you need to be able to identify their purpose and categorize each accordingly as a fitness criterion, an improvement driver, or a general health indicator. You should be able to identify thresholds for fitness criterion, targets for improvement drivers, and ranges for general health indicators.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p&gt;Can you align your improvement drivers with fitness criteria? Can you align general health indicators with improvement drivers? For example, production rate was a general health indicator for Ferrari that aligned to order cancellation rate as an improvement driver because delivery lead time was a fitness criterion for the customer. If you can categorize your metrics and show alignment between them, then they should be driving effective behavior and directly contributing to your economic performance.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p&gt;Improvement drivers: Have a target value to be achieved over time. When the target is reached, consider deprecating the metric or changing it to a health indicator and establishing the healthy range.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;There are four categories of commonly recurring selection criteria that provide us with measures for determining whether a product or service is fit-for-purpose:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Lead time and its predictability&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Quality and its predictability
    &lt;ul&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;Functional&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;Non-functional&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ul&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Safety or conformance to regulatory requirements&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Price or affordability—although price may require some special treatment&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;However, no matter what business we’re in, it’s important to have a delivery capability with understandable, measurable lead time. Without an understanding of our delivery capability, we may not be able to continue taking customers’ orders with any confidence that we can deliver within their expectations or acceptability thresholds. Lead time is such a universal fitness criterion that every business should be measuring it.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;This comparison shows us that we need to consider at least two criteria related to lead time: (1) the duration of time in the average, or typical, case; (2) the variability of time, measured not by typical or average cases, but by those closer to the best and the worst cases. We need the average time and the range from shortest to longest. In other words, ask not one question about time, but two: how fast? and how predictable? Customers may care sometimes for one, sometimes for the other, or sometimes both.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;p&gt;In summary, the concept of functional versus non-functional quality is this: functional is the “what”; non-functional describes “how well” the “what” is implemented. In some domains, such as music, the word “fidelity” is used to describe non-functional quality. In some analysis literature, elements of non-functional quality are referred to as “the -ilities”—that is, predictability, reliability, durability, and so forth.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Treating all work homogenously implies you have only one market segment, with one set of expectations, and similarly, homogeneous risks to manage. Thinking that you have only one segment is convenient; it allows businesses to focus on optimizing costs. This often comes at the cost of sacrificing quality, resulting in considerable customer dissatisfaction. A focus on cost cutting is likely to leave you unfit-for-purpose in the eyes of many frustrated customers. A knee-jerk reaction to address dissatisfied customers can result in overserving segments and driving costs up.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;You should improve service levels iteratively and incrementally. Establish an improvement driver metric—something you can measure, ideally quantitatively, on a regular basis. Put in place the instrumentation to get feedback on whether your changes are affecting your improvement driver. Assuming you have confidence that an improvement driver is aligned to a customer fitness criterion, you can use that to establish whether your product specification, service design, or service delivery is at an acceptable level.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Once you’ve achieved fitness-for-purpose, stop there—at least for the time being. There is no need to overserve a market. Your focus can switch to improving margins without loss of customer satisfaction. Inevitably, competitors or market innovation will change customer expectations and the cycle will repeat; you will once again need to focus on improvements. The tighter you can make your feedback loops, the greater agility you can exhibit as a business, the faster you can sense and respond.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;When customers adopt and use a product for a purpose the designer didn’t intend, this is known as “exaptation.”&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Classes of service must mean something tangible, not just an excuse to charge more and hope the customers feel superior and pleased with themselves. On the other hand, if the business realizes they’re overserving their market, they could note the opportunity to turn the part of the service where they exceed fitness thresholds into a premium class of service, providing that they can identify a niche that isn’t overserved at the current level of service.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;At the time of writing, we perceive that the skills in user experience design exist to design products based on purpose but marketing and user experience design aren’t well aligned. At the same time, the engineering skills exist in sufficient numbers to build products based on web services platforms and deliver product lines as SaaS or mobile applications, but companies don’t take advantage of platform engineering often enough. What is currently lacking is the alignment of marketing and strategic planning to think of the market as a set of segments based on purpose. To strengthen their fitness-for-purpose, companies need to align market segmentation with design, and at the same time take advantage of platform engineering and its flexibility to provide segment-aligned variety in their offerings.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Good metrics are vectors with two dimensions. As David discussed in his first book, Agile Management for Software Engineering, in 2003, cycle time for a task should be paired with quality. The denominator in each dimension of the pairing should be the same, and ideally it is something of customer value, such as a feature for a software application. So, cycle time per feature should pair with escaped defects per feature. The first is a productivity measure that we seek to minimize, and the second is a quality measure that acts as a constraint, ensuring that we don’t sacrifice quality in&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The Fit-for-Purpose Framework is designed to deal with underdeveloped markets where there is room for innovation and the opportunity to tailor the design, the implementation, and the service delivery to specific needs related to the customer’s purpose. It’s for markets where logically assessed choices are still important.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;You will almost certainly want to augment fit-for-purpose surveys and Fitness Box Score with other information. We are making no claims to the notion that Fitness Box Score is the only metric you will ever need. We are saying that using Fitness Box Score to quantify how fit-for-purpose your products and services are is a vital survival mechanism that will enhance your competitiveness and longevity.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In general, we prefer facts to speculation. So, asking an existing customer, “How did you learn about us?” or using a coupon or discount code technique to track referral business is much more appealing to us. As discussed in the next chapter, NPS asks customers to speculate about their future behavior. Speculation about the future, and especially about human behavior, is a notoriously unreliable source of data for decision making.&lt;/p&gt;

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&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We view Fitness Box Score as a modern augmentation. It doesn’t just tell you whether your clients like you or not, it gives you specific guidance on where to apply your improvement efforts and what specifically needs to be addressed to improve customer satisfaction. In this sense, Fitness Box Score serves a different purpose than Net Promoter Score.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 3798 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;As Von Moltke saw it, strategy adapts means to ends, which is a concept more obvious to military commanders than to business leaders. In other words, military commanders only ever pursue strategy when they believe they have the capability to enable it.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 3880 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;When you see that many enterprise services connect to each other and one acts as a customer of another, translate the fitness criteria of the customer-facing service into the fitness criteria of the other service. Finally, use the observations and input of the frontline staff to inform the strategy. The Fit-for-Purpose Framework makes it easier to follow the Mission Command doctrine in commercial enterprises.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 3954 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Doerr recommends that the top five OKRs for a business should be set at a strategy review. The Fit-for-Pupose Framewok can provide input on market segmentation for this review. This information may be used as input to setting objectives and key results. OKRs can be expressed as committed or aspirational.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 4085 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;
</description>
        <pubDate>Mon, 17 Jun 2019 19:00:00 -0300</pubDate>
        <link>https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/david-anderson-fit-for-purpose</link>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/david-anderson-fit-for-purpose</guid>
        
        
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        <title>Laranja Mecânica (Anthony Burgess)</title>
        <description>&lt;p&gt;Confesso que demorei para saber que pensar de Laranja Mecânica. Eu esperava uma distopia futurista, com maior construção do mundo e fui surpreendido com uma narrativa focada (e narrada) no protagonista, Alex.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Adolescente e violento, Alex dedica a sua vida a roubos e espancamentos arbitrários (na maioria das vezes à mulheres e senhores de idade) com sua gangue. E é através de Alex que descobrimos poucos detalhes desse mundo alienado, onde as pessoas consomem &lt;em&gt;moloko&lt;/em&gt; (em bares) misturado com substâncias psicoativas.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Com o uso de um linguajar próprio, o &lt;em&gt;nadsat&lt;/em&gt; (uma mistura de russo com inglês), a narração de Alex confunde o leitor. Com o tempo, é possível identificar o significado das palavras por causa do contexto. Isso ajuda, de certa forma, a tornar a experiência de entendimento desse novo mundo como algo distante, já que pouco dele é descrito.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Alex é preso após cometer um crime e de ter sido abondonado por sua gangue. Na prisão, ele é submetido a um tratamento que reprime seus instintos violentos. E é então onde finalmente a questão central da história aparece: o livre-arbítrio. Sem poder praticar atos de violência, Alex se vê incompleto como indivíduo.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Por mais interessante que seja a história e a sensação de estranheza causada pelo &lt;em&gt;nadsat&lt;/em&gt;, não senti a descrição das cenas de violência como algo crível. Talvez o fato de toda a narração de Alex ser voltada para o performático, como se o mesmo fosse um artista da violência, junto com a falta de construção do mundo tornem a experiência menos visceral.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Enfim, o que deixa a obra sólida e interessante, para mim, é a narrativa de Alex. Ele expõe uma subcultura exótica e violenta de forma envolvente. É irresistível ler Laranja Mecânica de capa a capa em uma única tarde. Méritos de um clássico.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;some-quotes&quot;&gt;Some quotes&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Colocamos nossas mascaretas. Coisa nova, horrorshow mesmo, um trabalho muito bem-feito; eram os rostos de personalidades históricas (eles diziam para você o nome quando você comprava). Eu tinha Disraeli, Pete tinha Elvis Presley, Georgie tinha Henrique VIII e o coitado do bom e velho Tosko tinha um vek poeta chamado P. B. Shelley; eram um disfarce de verdade, com cabelo e tudo, e eram feitas de uma veshka plástica muito especial que dava para enrolar e esconder na bota quando você acabasse de usar.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 439 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Eu queria tipo assim um grande banquete de música antes de carimbar meu passaporte, meus irmãos, na fronteira do sono, e levantarem a shesta listrada para me deixar passar.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 743 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Então, irmãos, aconteceu. Ah, êxtase! Êxtase e paraíso. Fiquei deitado inteiramente nagoi virado para o teto, minha gúliver sobre as rukas no travesseiro, glazis fechados, rot aberta em êxtase, sluchando o suco de sons adoráveis. Ah, era lindo, a beleza encarnada. Os trombones esmagavam vermelho-dourados sob minha cama, e atrás da minha gúliver os trumpetes prata queimavam triplicemente, e perto da porta os tímpanos rolavam pelas minhas tripas e saíam de novo esmagados como trovões feitos de doces. Ah, era a maravilha das maravilhas. E, então, um pássaro feito do mais raro heavenmetal, ou tipo assim vinho prateado fluindo numa espaçonave – a gravidade agora não fazia o menor sentido – veio o solo de violino acima de todas as outras cordas, e essas cordas eram como uma gaiola de seda ao redor da minha cama. Então a flauta e o oboé perfuraram, como vermes de platina, o caramelo espesso, espesso, de ouro e prata. Eu estava em completo êxtase, meus irmãos.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 758 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Eu faria tudo odinoki. Eu performaria a velha ultraviolência na ptitsa starre e nos bichanos dela se preciso fosse, e depois pegaria grandes rukadas do que parecia mesmo umas coisas muito poleznis e iria valsando até a porta da frente e a abriria fazendo chover ouro e prata sobre meus druguis esperando. Eles precisavam aprender tudo sobre liderança.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1130 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Bondade é algo que se escolhe. Quando um homem não pode escolher, ele deixa de ser um homem.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1420 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Agora o que eu quero que você saiba é que esta cela havia sido projetada para apenas três quando foi construída, mas éramos seis ali, todos espremidos, suados e apertados. E esse era o estado de todas as celas em todas as prisões naqueles dias, irmãos, e era uma desgraça grande e suja, porque não havia espaço suficiente para um tchelovek esticar os membros.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1441 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Bem, essas novas ideias ridículas finalmente chegaram e ordens são ordens, embora cá entre nós eu lhe diga que não aprovo. Não aprovo isso de jeito nenhum. Olho por olho, é o que eu digo. Se alguém bate em você, você revida, certo? Então por que o Estado, já severamente espancado por vocês, vândalos brutais, por que ele não revida? Mas a nova visão diz que não.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1546 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Ser bom pode ser horrível. E quando digo isso a você, percebo o quão autocontraditório isso soa. Eu sei que perderei muitas noites de sono por causa disso. O que Deus quer? Será que Deus quer insensibilidade ou a escolha da bondade? Será que um homem que escolhe o mal é talvez melhor do que um homem que teve o bem imposto a si?&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1573 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Mas a intenção essencial é o verdadeiro pecado. Um homem que não pode escolher deixa de ser um homem.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2353 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A tradição da liberdade significa tudo. As pessoas comuns deixarão isso passar, ah, sim. Elas venderão a liberdade por uma vida mais tranquila.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2413 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;
</description>
        <pubDate>Sun, 17 Feb 2019 19:00:00 -0300</pubDate>
        <link>https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/anthony-burgess-laranja-mecanica</link>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/anthony-burgess-laranja-mecanica</guid>
        
        
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        <title>Lampião e o Cangaço (Antonio Carlos Olivieri)</title>
        <description>&lt;p&gt;Escrito num estilo jornalístico, “Lampião e o Cangaço”, explica o contexto histórico do cangaço e a ascenção do principal líder cangaceiro: Lampião.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Apesar de jornalístico (e por vezes, aparentemente acadêmico), o texto consegue dar ares de aventura às histórias do banditismo de Lampião. Não que tenha sido a intenção do autor, mas é que as histórias são, de fato, incríveis.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Um exemplo fantástico está na recepção dada a Lampião e seu bando quando foram à Juazeiro do Norte para se encontrar com o Padre Cícero. Recebido pela população, Lampião deu autógrafo para um jornalista que o entrevistou!&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;No entanto, como o livro é muito curto, a história é apresentada de forma muito resumida. A leitura vale como uma curiosidade, devendo o leitor buscar uma obra com pesquisa histórica mais ampla e exploração mais aprofundada do cangaço.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;some-quotes&quot;&gt;Some quotes&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Para garantir a alimentação, nas regiões sertanejas mais férteis, como as várzeas dos rios e à beira dos açudes, desenvolveram-se roças de feijão, milho, mandioca e batata-doce, junto com pequenas criações. Os lavradores e criadores usavam a terra de um grande proprietário, pagando-lhe com parte da produção uma espécie de aluguel. Assim, os pobres mantinham com os ricos proprietários de terra um relacionamento quase servil, de grande dependência.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 70 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Em princípios do século XX, alguns desses antigos bandos ainda prestavam serviço aos coronéis, mantendo, porém, em relação a eles, uma posição independente. Quer dizer, não serviam permanentemente a este ou àquele coronel: serviam ora a um ora a outro, além de agir muitas vezes por conta própria, sem obedecer às ordens de ninguém. Para sobreviver, quando não estavam a serviço de algum coronel, atacavam as populações indefesas dos arraiais, das vilas e das pequenas cidades, roubando, saqueando e extorquindo dinheiro mediante ameaças.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 118 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Esses bandidos independentes, os antigos jagunços, receberam o nome de cangaceiros. A palavra se origina de canga, o conjunto de arreios que amarram o boi ao carro. É provável que esse nome tenha surgido porque os bandoleiros usavam as espingardas a tiracolo ou com a correias cruzadas no peito, lembrando a canga do boi.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 132 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Desde cedo, o menino ajudou a sustentar a família, como era o costume do sertão. Antônio, o irmão mais velho, cuidava das plantações. Levino, o segundo, ajudava o pai a fazer transportes de carga, aumentando a renda do grupo. Virgulino se ocupava do pastoreio. Segundo consta, aos 12 anos tornou-se vaqueiro hábil, como tantos meninos do sertão, entre os quais os outros seis irmãos que veio a ter. Cuidava também de consertar e fabricar artefatos de couro: cabrestos, arreios, selas e toda a vestimenta de vaqueiro nordestino.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 153 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Virgulino levava vida de refugiado, fora-da-lei e, com um grupo de homens, tinha decidido se vingar das afrontas à família, atacando localidades onde se encontravam seus inimigos. Nessa época, ele já era conhecido como Lampião. Conta-se que, num tiroteio noturno contra a polícia, ele deu tantos tiros seguidos que o cano de sua espingarda iluminou a noite, como se fosse a luz de um lampião. Daí lhe veio o apelido.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 203 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;No início de 1926, para escapar à perseguição feroz das polícias da Paraíba e de Pernambuco, Lampião refugiou-se com seu bando no Ceará. Nesse mesmo tempo, a Coluna Prestes (ver texto no fim deste capítulo) atravessava o Nordeste. Encarregado de defender a região e combater os revolucionários, o deputado Floro Bartolomeu resolveu procurar o cangaceiro para incluí-lo entre seus soldados.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 248 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Para isso, o deputado contou com o apoio de alguém que Lampião – um homem religioso como a maioria dos sertanejos – admirava profundamente, como de resto quase toda a população do Nordeste: o padre Cícero Romão Batista, vigário de Juazeiro do Norte (Ceará). Passado algum tempo, Lampião recebeu uma carta do famoso padre, convidando-o para um encontro em Juazeiro. A entrada do cangaceiro na cidade, com 49 comandados, foi um acontecimento festivo. A multidão acorria para vê-lo de perto. Lampião chegou a dar autógrafo a um repórter que o entrevistou.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 252 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Na colina de Macambira, no sul do Ceará, próximo à vila de Aurora, chegou a combater quatrocentos soldados com pouco mais de quarenta homens. Surpreendentemente, saiu vencedor.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 313 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A morte de Corisco praticamente coincide com o fim do cangaço. O desaparecimento de lideranças como Lampião e o próprio Corisco, antes que outras estivessem prontas para entrar em ação, é um dos fatores que explicam o fim desse tipo de banditismo.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 466 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Esse tipo de banditismo surgiu da própria história da sociedade nordestina. É descendente dos jagunços e dos capangas dos grandes fazendeiros e está diretamente ligado à tradição de coronelismo, disputa pela posse da terra, vingança por questões de honra e família. Relaciona-se ainda com o próprio isolamento do sertão nordestino em relação ao restante do país.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 480 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;
</description>
        <pubDate>Thu, 24 Jan 2019 20:00:00 -0200</pubDate>
        <link>https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/antonio-olivieri-lampiao-cangaco</link>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/antonio-olivieri-lampiao-cangaco</guid>
        
        
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        <title>A Coroa, a Cruz e a Espada: Lei, Ordem e Corrupção no Brasil (Eduardo Bueno)</title>
        <description>&lt;p&gt;“A Coroa, a Cruz e a Espada” conta com detalhes primorosos a introdução do Governo-Geral no Brasil e da fundação da cidade de Salvador. Após relembrar o leitor dos acontecimentos que marcaram o fim do modelo das capitanias hereditárias, Bueno narra toda a preparação envolvida no estabelecimento do Governo-Geral.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Com instruções precisas – documentadas no Regimento do Governo-Geral – sobre como ocupar o território e sobre como tratar os nativos, Tomé de Sousa, o primeiro governador do Brasil, desembarcou na Baia de Todos os Santos. Mas diferente das expedições das capitanias hereditárias, a frota de Tomé de Sousa trazia uma estrutura completa para a instalação do funcionalismo da Coroa na colônia.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;De todos os detalhes contados sobre o estabelecimento do governo, os mais interessantes são os da construção da cidade de Salvador e os da vida cotidiana. Primeira cidade planejada do Brasil, estima-se que sua construção custou um terço das receitas da Coroa. Salvador simboliza, então, a mudança de estratégia colonial portuguesa, que voltava-se para sua colônia ocidental em detrimento da deficitária e distante ocupação oriental.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Também presente na obra, os casos de corrupção (cartel de empreiteiros, evasão fiscal, favorecimentos) e de desprezo pelo meio ambiente trazem a tona antigos – e infelizmente não superadas – mazelas da sociedade brasileira. A poluição dos cursos de água deve lembrar o leitor da estarrecedora falta de saneamento básico no país.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Além da atuação de Tomé de Sousa na construção de Salvador e na segurança do território da colônia, Bueno também narra as atividades da Companhia de Jesus, com especial destaque a marcante atividade do jesuíta Manuel da Nóbrega. Figura central na fundação da Vila de Piratininga (futura São Paulo), o povoamento foi fundamental para a expansão portuguesa no interior do território feita pelos bandeirantes paulistas no século XVII.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Último livro de uma série de quatro livros (da Coleção Brasilis), “A Coroa, a Cruz e a Espada” conclui uma jornada de quase 150 anos da espetacular história das navegações portuguesas, do descobrimento do Brasil e do agitadíssimo período pré-capitanias hereditárias. Os ricos detalhes da fundação de Salvador e da atuação dos jesuítas no Brasil dão uma nova perspectiva sobre a vida no país no século XVI.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;some-quotes&quot;&gt;Some quotes&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Além da ocupação e defesa do espaço brasileiro – e do sonho ainda vivo de encontrar riquezas minerais na América –, outro motivo decisivo para o estabelecimento do Governo-Geral foi de fundo fiscal. Afinal, a desordem generalizada das capitanias transformava o vasto território sul-americano na menos lucrativa das possessões ultramarinas de Portugal.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 786 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Entretanto, desde que o degredo se tornara a política oficial para ocupação dos novos territórios, os juízes passaram a aplicá-lo com crescente “facilidade”. A comutação da pena de morte em degredo virou praxe a partir do momento em que ficou claro que Portugal, com pouco mais de 1 milhão de habitantes, não dispunha de recursos humanos suficientes para ocupar suas vastas possessões coloniais.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 957 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Na frota de Tomé de Sousa, os condenados estavam sob a guarda de um certo Antônio Rodrigues de Almeida, “criado do rei”. Seu embarque e a distribuição pelos porões das seis embarcações hão de ter sido observados com temor e desprezo por seus futuros companheiros de viagem; afinal, além da ameaça potencial que representavam, alguns homens subiram a bordo com aparência medonha: além de postos a ferros (ou “ferrados”) muitos estavam “desorelhados”. O motivo para tal prática não constituía mera crueldade: os elementos mais perigosos tinham as orelhas cortadas para que pudessem ser imediatamente identificados, pois, uma vez no Brasil, viveriam em liberdade.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1013 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Entre os “outros” retardatários aos quais Álvares se referiu em sua carta, um deles estava, naquele momento, se dirigindo a pé desde a província da Beira, a cerca de 150 quilômetros de Lisboa, até o porto de Belém, nas cercanias da capital. Embora fosse um andarilho experimentado, havia sido convocado na última hora para se juntar à expedição. Seu atraso seria, portanto, ainda maior que o dos demais – a ponto de ele quase perder o embarque. O apressado caminhante era um padre jesuíta. Chamava-se Manuel da Nóbrega.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1034 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A colônia se desenvolveria sob o signo do dogmatismo: sem livros, sem universidades, sem imprensa e sem debates culturais – em síntese, sem a diversidade e o frescor do humanismo renascentista. “A inteligência brasileira viria a constituir-se submetida à direção exclusiva da Companhia de Jesus, sob a égide da Contrarreforma e do Concílio de Trento”, diagnosticou o crítico Wilson Martins em sua História da Inteligência Brasileira. “Esse desejo de perpetuar a ignorância (…) condicionaria as perspectivas mentais do Brasil por três séculos.”&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1150 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Esses artesãos vinham sob o comando do “mestre da pedraria” Luís Dias, arquiteto de renome, responsável pelo projeto e encarregado de supervisionar as obras da primeira capital do Brasil. Da equipe de Luís Dias faziam parte 15 carpinteiros, nove ferreiros, oito serradores, oito telheiros, cinco caieiros, quatro serralheiros, quatro carvoeiros e três cavouqueiros, além de 16 pedreiros – um total de 72 profissionais que, tão logo se iniciassem as obras, seriam auxiliados por pelo menos 62 degredados. Esses artesãos ganhavam, em média, 1.200 reais por mês. Os degredados, cujas penas incluíam trabalhos forçados, recebiam ainda assim 330 reais por mês (abaixo do soldo mínimo de 360 reais).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1214 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Mesmo com a ausência quase total de mulheres, a esquadra de Tomé de Sousa era, como quase a maioria delas, um pedaço flutuante de Portugal. Transportava gente de todas as classes e todos os matizes, da fidalguia à arraia-miúda, e trazia intactos os desvãos da sociedade ibérica. Uma mera passada de olhos na lista de passageiros, identificando seus nomes e os salários que aqueles homens receberiam no Brasil, revela que a mesma desigualdade existente em Portugal estava sendo transplantada para os trópicos.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1254 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Como observou o professor Cid Teixeira, “em uma só cidade, dois tempos da história do Ocidente se encontram e se completam”, pois a fortaleza do Salvador e a vila que surgiu à sua sombra apresentam-se simultaneamente medievais e renascentistas. Embora seguisse um plano regular e racional, a fortaleza seria erguida à maneira dos castelos da Idade Média, na crista de uma montanha – em evidente anacronismo com as inovações renascentistas advindas da Itália que propunham a construção das praças de guerra em terrenos planos.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1509 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A extraordinária capacidade de adaptação dos portugueses aos rigores e exigências dos trópicos revela-se com clareza na forma como Salvador foi construída. As “amostras” trazidas por Luís Dias – tido como o “decano dos arquitetos brasileiros” – sugeriam um traçado regular e ordenado. Mas o projeto original seria pragmaticamente readaptado às irregularidades do terreno. Surgiriam, assim, as ruelas tortuosas, os largos e as pequenas praças nitidamente medievais, derramando-se em natural e pitoresca desordem por determinadas partes da encosta, como ainda hoje se observa na área do Pelourinho.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1522 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Mas algo não saiu a contento no ritmo ou na qualidade das obras, e no dia 20 de dezembro de 1549 ficou decidido que a muralha e seus baluartes seriam feitos não por trabalhadores assalariados, mas em regime de empreitada, como tantas outras obras da cidade que nascia. Como se davam tais empreitadas? As obras mais importantes ou urgentes eram postas em hasta pública e concedidas por “arrematação” ao empreiteiro que desse o menor lance. Em dia de sessão ordinária, o porteiro da Câmara – funcionário municipal cujo cargo era vitalício – botava o pregão. Depois, saía às ruas, com um ramo verde às mãos, apregoando, em voz alta, o menor lance que lhe fora oferecido. Como em um leilão, dizia: “Dou-lhe uma, dou-lhe duas e outra mais pequena…”, para em seguida entregar o ramo ao empreiteiro que houvesse feito a oferta mais vantajosa, caso não sobreviesse outra de menor valor. Aceito o lance, um escrivão lavrava o auto, assinado pelo arrematante, pelo porteiro e por oficiais da Câmara, que serviam de testemunhas. O auto valia como um contrato para a realização da empreitada, cujo custo não poderia exceder o orçamento previamente aprovado. No entanto, como se verá, o costume de superfaturar o valor das empreitadas iria se tornar comum na Bahia.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1582 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;À medida que os prédios oficiais eram erguidos na coroa do morro, um amontado de choupanas e oficinas – “uma improvisada rancharia” – ia surgindo quase espontaneamente na beira da praia. Dessa forma, para além de qualquer planejamento racional, Salvador foi criando, orgânica e simultaneamente, sua Cidade Alta e sua Cidade Baixa. Transplantava-se assim para os trópicos um conceito urbanístico que já se solidificara no reino – em Lisboa e no Porto, por exemplo – e que era de nítida influência muçulmana.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1702 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Enquanto na Praia as casas se voltavam para o mar, dando as costas à falésia, no alto as construções se dobravam sobre a cidade. As casas eram tão baixas que um indivíduo de estatura mediana “mal podia ficar em pé dentro delas”. Repetiam, nesse sentido, o padrão utilizado no reino, onde o pé-direito raras vezes ultrapassava 1,70 metro. Segundo as investigações do arquiteto português Manuel Sílvio Conde, mais da metade das casas de Lisboa no século XVI tinha apenas “entre 11 e 30 metros quadrados de área”.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1789 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Não foram apenas as águas da Cidade do Salvador que logo se poluíram. Suas ruas também ficaram cobertas de lixo, dejetos e esgotos, repetindo o que era usual no reino. “O lixo amontoava-se nas ruas e ao pé das casas e só era removido para o adro das igrejas ou para os terrenos públicos quando, por muito acumulado, dava para incomodar.” A Câmara ameaçava os infratores com multas, mas isso só os fazia jogar o lixo nas ribanceiras e baixios.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1891 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Escrevendo em 1584, Gabriel Soares de Sousa calculou em 400 mil cruzados (ou 160 milhões de reais) a quantia investida por D. João III na expedição de Tomé de Sousa e nas obras iniciais da cidade. Frei Luiz de Sousa afirmou, em 1580, que outros 300 mil cruzados (ou 120 milhões de reais) foram gastos na primeira armada de socorro enviada a Salvador em 1550 sob o comando do figaldo Simão da Gama e Andrade. Investigadores modernos, baseados em fontes documentais e em suposições verossímeis, calculam em cerca de 1 milhão de cruzados (ou 400 milhões de reais) o custo da construção da Cidade do Salvador – o equivalente a um terço das receitas da Coroa.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1948 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Que o estímulo sexual era grande não restam dúvidas: as nativas circulavam pela cidade peladas e depiladas. Conforme o relato do também jesuíta José de Anchieta, não apenas andavam nuas como “não sabem negar-se a ninguém, mas até elas mesmas cometem e importunam os homens, jogando-se com eles nas redes, porque têm por honra dormir com os cristãos”. Nóbrega, que considerara o problema gravíssimo, já havia solicitado esmolas de roupa: “Ao menos uma camisa para cada mulher, [pois] não parece honesto estarem nuas entre os cristãos na igreja e quando as ensinamos.”&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1995 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Não se tratava, porém, de mera questão de apetite sexual. O fato é que os portugueses amancebados também obtinham comida e serviços em troca de contatos ocasionais com as “negras da terra”. Pelo que escreveu Pero de Magalhães Gândavo em 1576, a grande maioria dos colonos tratava de adquirir escravos mal desembarcava na terra: “Por pobres que sejam, alcançam, cada um, dois pares ou meia dúzia de escravos, que pode, um por outro, custar pouco mais ou menos até dez cruzados [ou 4 mil reais]. Os mesmos escravos índios buscam de comer para si e para os senhores, e desta maneira não fazem os homens despesas em mantimentos nem com seus servos nem com suas pessoas.” Além disso, as nativas “faziam todo o trabalho da casa, a farinha de mandioca e os tecidos de algodão”. As “negras da terra” não eram, portanto, apenas instrumentos de prazer. Eram instrumentos de trabalho.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2012 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Um dos argumentos de Nóbrega para justificar a escravização dos indígenas estava relacionado ao fato de andarem nus. Por ter escarnecido da nudez de Noé, seu filho Cam foi exilado e condenado à servidão. Em um texto clássico, seu ríspido Diálogo da Conversão dos Gentios, escrito em 1558, Nóbrega afirmaria que, por serem descendentes de Cam, os índios do Brasil “ficaram nus e têm outras mais misérias”. O pecado de Cam, convém ressaltar, legitimava também a escravização dos africanos. Além disso, Nóbrega acreditava na teoria aristotélica da “servidão natural dos povos inferiores”.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2055 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Embora tanto o Império Inca quanto a prata de Potosí já tivessem sido descobertos e conquistados pelos espanhóis, em 1539 e 1545, os portugueses de São Vicente ainda alimentavam esperanças de encontrar riquezas semelhantes, até porque não estavam convictos de que o Rei Branco e a serra da Prata das lendas fossem, respectivamente, o Inca e a fabulosa mina de Potosí. A rede de trilhas indígenas que partia de São Vicente em direção ao planalto e de lá mergulhava nos mistérios do oeste funcionava como estímulo permanente para os colonos instalados na Baixada Santista.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2596 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;“Para o sustento destes meninos [do colégio de São Vicente], a farinha de pau era trazida do interior, da distância de 30 milhas [90 quilômetros]. Como era muito trabalhoso e difícil por causa da grande aspereza do caminho, ao nosso padre [Nóbrega] pareceu melhor mudarmo-nos para esta povoação de índios que se chama Piratininga. Isto por muitas razões: primeiro por causa dos mantimentos; depois, porque se fazia nos portugueses [de São Vicente] menos fruto do que se devia [ou seja, se convertiam menos colonos do que os padres desejavam…] e especialmente porque se abriu por aqui a entrada para inúmeras nações sujeitas ao jugo da razão [grupos de indígenas mais receptivos à pregação jesuítica].”&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2955 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Não existem relatos documentais do que se passou durante os três primeiros meses do novo governo, mas registros pesquisados pelos historiadores baianos Teodoro Sampaio e Edison Carneiro permitem afirmar que, tão logo assumiu o posto, D. Duarte iniciou a distribuição de cargos públicos entre os amigos que o acompanharam naquela incursão aos trópicos.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 3267 --&gt;
</description>
        <pubDate>Wed, 23 Jan 2019 20:00:00 -0200</pubDate>
        <link>https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/eduardo-bueno-coroa-cruz-espada</link>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/eduardo-bueno-coroa-cruz-espada</guid>
        
        
      </item>
    
      
      <item>
        <title>Capitães do Brasil: A Saga Dos Primeiros Colonizadores (Eduardo Bueno)</title>
        <description>&lt;p&gt;Capitães do Brasil descreve o fracassado projeto das capitanias hereditárias no Brasil. Embora fracassado, esse modelo socio-econômico deixou um legado duradouro: a estrutura fundiária do futuro país e a estrutura social excludente foram incoporados à história brasileira após o desembarque dos donatários.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Introduzindo o leitor ao contexto da época, Bueno apresenta a teoria geopolítica da “Ilha Brasil”. Segundo essa teoria, o Brasil seria um território insular, delimitado pela bacia dos rios da Prata e do Amazonas. Era uma forma de expandir o território além da marcação do Tratado de Tordesilhas, afim de garantir posse do ainda inexplorado território Inca (e às riquezas do lendário rei Branco).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Enquanto isso, o litoral, pouco guarnecido, continuava sendo alvo dos traficantes franceses de pau-brasil. Com poucos recursos para iniciar a colonização do território, a coroa portuguesa então tropicalizou o projeto das capitanias hereditárias (ler &lt;a href=&quot;/books/eduardo-bueno-viagem-descobrimento&quot;&gt;A Viagem do Descobrimento&lt;/a&gt;), deixando para a iniciativa privada a ocupação e desenvolvimento do território.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Então, o livro apresenta a história de cada capitania, iniciando pelas capitanias do sul do Brasil (que eram estratégicas como pontos de acesso ao Rio da Prata e ao caminho do Peabiru, ler &lt;a href=&quot;/books/eduardo-bueno-naufragos-traficantes-degredados&quot;&gt;“Náufragos, Traficantes e Degredados”&lt;/a&gt;), seguindo com as capitanias da costa Leste-Oeste (Pernambuco e as capitanias do norte) e concluindo com as capitanias da costa do pau-brasil (as capitanias do meio).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Os eventos que levaram ao fracasso do projeto foram muito semelhantes entre as capitanias. Ao ignorar a divisão territorial das tribos indígenas, muitas capitanias ficaram envoltas em conflitos constantes com os nativos. Além disso, tanto donatários e colonos tinham como objetivo o lucro rápido: eram conquistadores, dispostos a saquear e não a colonizar. Por último, o uso de degredados também foi fator de desestabilização, já que as frequentes incursões escravagistas lideradas por eles iniciaram diversos conflitos entre colonos e nativos.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Terceiro de uma série de quatro livros (da Coleção Brasilis), Capitães do Brasil traz ricos detalhes sobre a fundação de diversas cidades brasileiras, dos conflitos com as diversas tribos indígenas que habitavam a costa do Brasil e dos arranjos econômicos da coroa portuguesa com a iniciativa privada. É o melhor livro da coleção.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;some-quotes&quot;&gt;Some quotes&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;O fracasso do projeto como um todo não impediu que o legado das capitanias hereditárias fosse duradouro. A estrutura fundiária do futuro país, a expansão da grande lavoura canavieira, a estrutura social excludente, o tráfico de escravos em larga escala, o massacre dos indígenas: tudo isso se incorporou à história do Brasil após o desembarque dos donatários.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 133 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Não restam dúvidas de que, desde o momento de seu desembarque, tanto os donatários quanto seus colonos visavam o lucro imediato. O principal – e quase único – objetivo da maioria era enriquecer o mais rápida e facilmente possível e retornar para Portugal. Nesse sentido, os homens que os donatários trouxeram para ocupar suas terras não eram “colonos” no sentido literal da palavra: eram conquistadores dispostos a saquear as riquezas da terra – especialmente as minerais.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 150 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Aleixo Garcia seguiu por uma antiga trilha indígena, chamada Peabiru, que conduzia do sul do Brasil até o altiplano boliviano. Tendo chegado aos arredores da atual cidade de Sucre, ele e seus acompanhantes atacaram e saquearam as cidades fronteiriças do Império Inca, obtendo 40 cestos repletos de objetos de ouro e prata. A expedição comprovou que o Rei Branco de fato existia: chamava-se Huyana Capac e era o soberano de um riquíssimo e vasto reino indígena, o Império Inca. Sem saber, Aleixo Garcia esteve a menos de 200 quilômetros da serra da Prata – que também não era uma lenda, mas um cerro de 600 metros, quase que inteiramente de prata, conhecido pelos indígenas pelo nome de Potosí.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 260 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Com efeito, o regimento dado a Martim Afonso estipulava que ele deveria enviar também uma missão de reconhecimento ao imenso e misterioso rio que os espanhóis haviam descoberto em 1500 no norte do Brasil. Vicente Yáñez Pinzón, que fora o primeiro a percorrer aquele extraordinário curso d’água, o havia chamado de Marañón. Quase meio século mais tarde, quando outro navegador espanhol, Francisco de Orellana, foi capaz de navegá-lo da nascente à foz, decidiu rebatizar a monumental estrada líquida que serpentava por mais de 6 mil quilômetros, desde os Andes até o oceano Atlântico, em meio à maior floresta que os europeus jamais haviam visto. Orellana deu-lhe o nome que ele ainda mantém: rio das Amazonas.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 531 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Laguna é uma espécie de “esquina” do Atlântico Sul: a partir daquele ponto para o sul se inicia a maior costa retilínea do planeta. Trata-se de uma extensão de 600 quilômetros formada por uma única praia, sem enseadas ou portos naturais, batida por águas turvas e geladas: um autêntico cemitério de navios que iria retardar a colonização da porção meridional do Brasil em quase dois séculos.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 818 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Ainda assim, quando já estava próximo do local onde deveria se reencontrar com Martim Afonso, Pero Lopes pôde desfrutar de um momento de muita satisfação. Foi no dia 23 de dezembro, quando, ao escalar o atual cerro de Montevidéu, ele deparou com uma vista extraordinária: “Vimos campos a estender d’olhos”, anotou em seu diário, “tão chãos [planos] como a palma; e muitos rios; e ao longo deles, muito arvoredo. Não se pode descrever a formosura dessa terra: os veados e gazelas são tantos, e as emas, e outras alimarias, tamanhas, como potros novos e do parecer deles, que é o campo todo coberto desta caça – que nunca vi em Portugal tantas ovelhas, nem cabras, como há nesta terra veados.” O fascínio da região não contagiou apenas o ríspido capitão. Em seu depoimento, Pero Lopes assegura que trazia consigo “alemães e italianos, e homens que foram à India e franceses”, e que todos ficaram “tão espantados com a formosura da terra, tão pasmados, que não nos lembrávamos de retornar”.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 868 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Ao cruzar pela região em 1530, o cosmógrafo Alonso de Santa Cruz – cujo livro Islario General de las Islas del Mundo se tornou o principal relato da expedição de Caboto, da qual ele fazia parte – anotara em seu diário: “Dentro do porto de São Vicente, existem duas grandes ilhas [as atuais São Vicente e Santo Amaro, que os nativos chamavam de Ingaguaçu e Guaimbé]. Na mais oriental delas [Santo Amaro] estivemos ancorados mais de um mês. Na mais ocidental, tem os portugueses um povoado chamado São Vicente, com dez ou doze casas, uma delas feita de pedra, coberta de telhas, e com uma torre para defesa contra os índios em tempo de necessidade. Estão providos de coisas da terra, de galinhas e porcos da Espanha e muita abundância de hortaliças (…) Estas ilhas, os portugueses creem ficar no continente que lhes pertence, dentro de sua linha de partilha.”&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 918 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Os nativos chamavam São Vicente de Tumiaru – ou “lugar dos mantimentos”, em tupi. Era uma referência explícita à grande quantidade de mariscos que eles obtinham ali – e cujas cascas formavam os enormes montículos denonimados de sambaquis: um testemunho da fertilidade da baía e de sua milenar ocupação pelos indígenas. No século XVI, porém, não havia nenhuma tribo instalada em Tumiaru: os nativos que habitavam a região tinham se transferido para o topo da serra que se ergue logo atrás do lagamar.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 924 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;São Vicente e Piratininga não foram apenas as primeiras vilas fundadas pelos portugueses no Brasil: foram também os dois primeiros estabelecimentos construídos pelos europeus na América ao sul do Equador.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1069 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;D. João III viveu atormentado pela dívida pública e pela dívida externa contraídas antes e durante seu reinado. A dívida externa se manteve em torno de 1 milhão de cruzados, dos quais Portugal pagava só os juros (que, a partir da crise europeia de 1537, chegaram a 250 mil cruzados anuais). A dívida pública flutuante era de 2 milhões. Mas, entre 1528 e 1542, D. João emitiu os chamados “padrões de juro”, que eram títulos do Tesouro. Surgiu assim a dívida pública consolidada, que, em 1538, já era superior a 2 milhões, sendo a arrecadação da Coroa inferior a 1 milhão de cruzados. D. João recorreu então a empréstimos compulsórios, dos quais os fidalgos foram dispensados. Em carta ao papa, o bispo de Bérgamo definiu D. João como “um rei muito pobre, com grandes dívidas e morosíssimo em suas decisões”. O humanista Cleonardo disse, em 1535, que “não há terra onde as coisas sejam tão caras”.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1246 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Embora tenham se mostrado previdentes em evitar um conflito de todo indesejável com Castela, os homens responsáveis pela partilha do Brasil ignoraram soberbamente a divisão territorial do litoral brasileiro feita pela tribo Tupi ao longo de quase dez séculos de lutas sangrentas. Para os futuros donatários, tal descuido custaria caro – quando não a própria vida.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1361 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A “Guerra de Iguape” foi o primeiro confronto armado entre europeus travado em solo americano. Embora o episódio seja virtualmente ignorado pela maioria dos livros, o conflito foi um momento-chave na história do Brasil: depois dele, os portugueses praticamente desistiram de ocupar a Costa do ouro e da prata, deixando o sul do Brasil abandonado pelos vinte anos seguintes, ao longo das duas décadas durante as quais perdurou o período da capitanias hereditárias. São Vicente iria subsistir apenas graças à perseverança e à ambição dos traficantes de escravos que continuaram vivendo ali.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1613 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Baseando-se nos depoimentos que sobre eles deixaram vários cronistas europeus contemporâneos, não chega a ser uma surpresa o fato de os Goitacá não terem sido vencidos pelos Tupi. Altos, robustos e de pele mais clara que os demais povos da costa, os Goitacá eram guerreiros tremendos. Usavam flechas enormes, eram grandes corredores e nadadores inigualáveis. Entre as suas façanhas mais extraordinárias estava a pesca de tubarões, realizada em incríveis lutas corpo a corpo.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1856 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Cabeza de Vaca estava retornando para a Europa depois de ter passado oito anos como escravo de indígenas na América do Norte. Tinha caminhado cerca de oito mil quilômetros, descalço e nu, desde a Flórida até a Cidade do México, numa aventura sem igual na história da exploração do Novo Mundo. Por influência de Gonçalo da Costa, Cabeza de Vaca dentro em breve desembarcaria no Brasil.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2034 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;De todo modo, Gonçalo Afonso e seus homens não conseguiram permanecer muito tempo em Santo Amaro. Sob a liderança do temível Cunhambebe, os Tamoio (aliados dos franceses e inimigos ancestrais dos Tupiniquim) partiram das ilhas Grande (RJ) e São Sebastião (SP) a bordo de suas grandes canoas e, no início de 1539, devastaram tudo o que Gonçalo Afonso havia construído. Só então os sobreviventes se transferiram para a vizinha São Vicente.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2073 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Álvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca foi uma das mais extraordinárias figuras da conquista europeia da América. Nascido em 1492, ele partiu para o Novo Mundo em 1527, como tesoureiro da expedição de Panfilo de Narváez. A frota naufragou na Flórida e, além de Cabeza de Vaca, apenas três homens sobreviveram. Eles foram escravizados pelos nativos, conseguiram fugir e caminharam 8 mil quilômetros, nus e descalços, até a Cidade do México, aonde chegaram no início de 1537, tendo se tornado os primeiros europeus a percorer todo o sudoeste dos EUA. Os indígenas que encontraram pelo caminho os chamavam de “filhos do Sol” e os julgaram deuses, pois Vaca havia curado alguns. Foi provavelmente por isso que ele se tornou, pelo resto da vida, defensor dos nativos, chegando a dizer que seu objetivo era “ensinar o mundo a conquistar pela bondade, não pela matança”. Abaixo, retrato supositício de Vaca.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2109 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Fundada por Brás Cubas, Santos tornou-se vila em agosto de 1546. Maior latifundiário da região, Cubas foi capitão-mor de São Vicente de 1545 a 1549. Descobriu a primeira mina de ouro no Brasil, no sopé do morro Jaraguá, em São Paulo. Combateu com ardor o pirata inglês Edward Fenton, que tentou tomar Santos em janeiro de 1583. Brás Cubas morreu em 10 de março de 1592, com mais de 80 anos de idade.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2240 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Aquela viagem, porém, teria uma consequência histórica bem mais duradoura e importante: enquanto Pero de Góis tratava de negócios, seu irmão Luís tornava-se o primeiro europeu a introduzir o uso do tabaco na Europa. Sem que pudesse imaginar, estava dando início à expansão de um dos vícios mais duradouros da História.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2285 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Ironicamente, embora Jean Nicot nunca tenha fumado – e fosse mesmo contra o uso da erva –, seu nome acabaria sendo usado para batizar o princípio ativo do tabaco: a nicotina.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2306 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Entre 1545 e 1560, a mina de Potosí produziu a extraordinária média de 266 mil quilos de prata por ano. No escudo que a cidade recebeu de Carlos V, o imperador mandou gravar: “Eu sou a rica Potosí, o tesoureiro do mundo, a rainha das montanhas e a inveja dos reis.”&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2470 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;De todo modo, os Caeté logo perceberam que os homens de Duarte Coelho não eram seus aliados “mair”, mas seus inimigos “perós”. Coelho, porém, parece ter se apaixonado de tal forma por aquele morro à beira-mar que desferiu um violento ataque à aldeia de Marim, desalojando os indígenas dali e dando, depois de vários combates, início à fundação da vila que estava destinada a se tornar sede da capitania de Pernambuco.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 3314 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Em julho de 1553, disposto a “discorrer de viva voz com D. João III”, o donatário de Pernambuco partiu para Portugal, levando consigo seus dois filhos homens, Duarte e Jerônimo, que foram estudar em Lisboa. O governo da capitania ficou entregue a D. Brites de Albuquerque – primeira mulher a desempenhar um cargo político na América.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 3587 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Além de farinha de mandioca, caça e pescado, os Tupiniquim abasteciam as vilas de Tourinho com abundância de frutas nativas, como cajus, abacaxis, cupuaçus, aracás, guabirobas, goiabas, mangabas, mamões, sapotis, maracujás e pacovas. Traziam também plantas medicinais (copaíba, jurubeba, jaborandi) e leguminosas (amendoim, feijões, gergelim), além de resinas e fibras vegetais (tucum, caraguatá e cipó embé), usadas para firmar as ripas das casas de pau a pique.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 3840 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Mas a eclosão dos conflitos não foi provocada só pela captura de escravos. Conforme o padre Simão de Vasconcelos, “a paz com os indígenas da Bahia só durou enquanto durou também a paciência deles, porque não houve comércio vil, barbaridade, violência, extorsão e imoralidade que os portugueses não praticassem contra aqueles a quem chamavam selvagens, mas aos quais neste ponto excediam em selvajeria”.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 4259 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;O número total de portugueses instalados no Brasil em 1548 também não era elevado ao ponto de justificar a criação do Governo-Geral. A população da colônia não chegava a 1.500 almas – número 30 vezes inferior ao dos lusos que viviam na Índia. Cerca de 600 colonos moravam em São Vicente, outros 600 estavam estabelecidos em Pernambuco e o restante se encontrava disperso entre Porto Seguro (cerca de 100), Ilhéus (80) e Espírito Santo. As demais capitanias estavam total ou virtualmente desabitadas.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 4428 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;
</description>
        <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2019 20:00:00 -0200</pubDate>
        <link>https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/eduardo-bueno-capitaes-brasil</link>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/eduardo-bueno-capitaes-brasil</guid>
        
        
      </item>
    
      
      <item>
        <title>Náufragos, Traficantes e Degredados: As Primeiras Expedições ao Brasil (Eduardo Bueno)</title>
        <description>&lt;p&gt;“Náufragos, Traficantes e Degredados” traz luz ao período mais obscuro da história do Brasil: as três décadas após o descobrimento do território por Pedro Álvares Cabral.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;O título revela quem foram os personagens principais desse período esquecido. Os relatos desses personagens estimularam a exploração do litoral sul do Brasil e da região do Rio da Prata pelos reis de Portugal e Espanha. Marginalizados pela história, Eduardo Bueno os coloca no centro de uma empolgante história.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Essas três décadas esquecidas são inauguradas pela expedição que descobriu o Brasil: em 26 de janeiro de 1500, a frota do espanhol Vicente Yáñez Pinzón desembarcara na Ponta do Mucuripe (hoje incorporada à cidade de Fortaleza). De pouca consequência prática para o destino do Brasil, este prelúdio serve para reforçar a tese da intencionalidade da descoberta do Brasil por Pedro Álvares Cabral: a expedição de Pinzón apenas seguira a rota aberta por Colombro em 1498, que seguiu informações dadas pelo próprio rei português Dom João II.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;E é na expedição descobridora de Cabral que entram em cena os primeiros degredados. A tática de lançar degredados em território desconhecido (leia a &lt;a href=&quot;/books/eduardo-bueno-viagem-descobrimento&quot;&gt;Viagem do Descobrimento&lt;/a&gt;, do mesmo autor) fora usada pelos portugueses ao longo do século XIV durante a circunavegação da África. O livro conta, então, as histórias desses interessantes personagens e de suas contribuições para as explorações portuguesas e espanholas no Brasil e na América do Sul.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Figuras como Caramuru (como era conhecido Diogo Álvares Correia, náufrago que ganhou posição proeminente entre os Tupinambás da Bahia e que teve influência na fundação de Salvador), João Ramanho (virtual fundador de São Paulo e que viveu até os 95 anos, teve inúmeros filhos e andava cerca de 54 quilômetros por dia), o enigmático Bacharel de Cananeia (que iniciou o tráfico de escravos indígenas, uma das principais atividades das vilas de São Paulo e São Vicente no primeiro século de colonização) e Aleixo Garcia (primeiro europeu a atacar possessões incas e a confirmar as riquezas presentes na América do Sul) estiveram no centro dos principais acontecimentos do período.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Grande parte dessas histórias se passam no sul do Brasil, entre a vila de São Vicente e o estuário do Rio da Prata. Os relatos dos indígenas dessa região (dos Guaianá de São Paulo, dos Carijó de Santa Catarina e dos Charrua do estuário do Rio da Prata) sobre um Rei Branco, que vivia cercado de luxos em uma região montanhosa, foram responsáveis por sucessivas expedições portuguesas e espanholas ao sul do continente. E essas expedições passavam pelo Peabiru, um antigo sistema de trilhas indígenas bem demarcadas, que podiam ser acessadas através de três pontos do litoral brasileiro: São Vicente, Cananeia e pela foz do Rio Itapocu (em Santa Catarina).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Em posse dessas informações, o náufrago português Aleixo Garcia, organizou – no verão de 1524 – uma expedição com dois mil índios flecheiros e seguiu o Peabiru em direção ao Peru e às lendárias riquezas do Rei Branco do Império Inca. Garcia e seu exército atacaram vilarejos nos arredores de Sucre e Potosí, saqueando taças de prata, peitorais de ouro e objetos de estanho. Na jornada de volta, a expedição fora atacada pelos temíveis Payaguá no Rio Paraguai. Porém, os poucos sobreviventes e os poucos artefatos recuperados eram as provas da existência de riquezas minerais no continente.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Entre as incursões subsequentes à expedição de Garcia ao Peru destaca-se a de Martim Afonso de Souza. Fica claro que a expedição de Martim Afonso não tinha fins colonizadores, apesar da fundação da cidade de São Vicente, o objetivo era encontrar o caminho do Peru através do estuário do Rio da Prata (e também de repelir às sucessivas incursões francesas de extração do pau-brasil).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Os infrutíferos esforços da expedição de Martim Afonso junto com a conquista do império Inca pelo espanhol Francisco Pizarro, em novembro de 1532, selaram o destino da “costa do ouro e da prata” (como era conhecida a região que ia de Cananeia ao Rio da Prata) ao esquecimento. Pouco antes, o rei Dom João III decidira iniciar a colonização e ocupação do Brasil com o sistema das capitanias hereditárias. Mas o insucesso na corrida do ouro e da prata foi desolador para o Brasil nas décadas que se seguiram.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Segundo de uma série de quatro livros (da Coleção Brasilis), “Náufragos, Traficantes e Degredados” traz luz ao período mais obscuro da história do Brasil. Além de muito ativas, as primeiras três décadas da história do Brasil são recheadas de histórias e feitos impressionantes.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;some-quotes&quot;&gt;Some quotes&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;O que dizer do intrépido Aleixo Garcia, que em 1524 marchou de Santa Catarina, com um exército particular de dois mil índios Guarani, para atacar as cidades limítrofes do Império Inca, a mais de dois mil quilômetros dali? E de seus companheiros Henrique Montes e Melchior Ramires – desertores e polígamos –, que, ainda assim, acabariam sendo recebidos na corte pelos reis de Portugal e Espanha, transformando-se nos homens mais importantes dos primórdios da exploração do rio da Prata e do litoral sul do Brasil?&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 57 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Era 26 de janeiro de 1500 e os homens comandados pelo capitão Vicente Yáñez Pinzón tinham acabado de descobrir o Brasil.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 102 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Fosse assim ou não, o fato é que, ao meio-dia de 31 de julho de 1498, Cristóvão Colombo se tornou (sem o saber) o descobridor oficial da América do Sul. Embora cinco anos antes ele tivesse obrigado seus homens a jurar, sob terríveis ameaças, que a ilha de Cuba era terra firme, a verdade é que só naquele momento o almirante estava enfim aportando em extensões continentais.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 298 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Porém, antes de partir, Cabral manteve vários encontros com Vasco da Gama. O descobridor da Índia redigiu instruções náuticas detalhadas para o futuro descobridor do Brasil. Esse documento – que Cabral levou consigo a bordo – sobreviveu aos séculos e o rascunho dele está preservado na torre do Tombo, em Lisboa. Seguindo tais indicações, a frota de Cabral zarpou de Lisboa em direção à Índia pela rota que Gama e, antes dele, Bartolomeu Dias, tinham estabelecido.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 421 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Apesar da indignação de seus subordinados – entre eles Vespúcio –, Gonçalo Coelho não permitiu retaliações aos indígenas e determinou que a frota zarpasse imediatamente, dando continuidade à exploração da costa em direção ao sul. Com o calendário litúrgico nas mãos, a expedição foi batizando todos os acidentes geográficos do litoral brasileiro pelos quais cruzou. O primeiro deles foi o cabo de Santo Agostinho, próximo ao Recife, avistado em 28 de agosto, dia consagrado a esse santo. Em 4 de outubro de 1501, a expedição chegou à foz de um grande rio, que, pelo mesmo motivo, batizou de São Francisco.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 602 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Em Porto Seguro, naquele início de desembro, a frota de Gonçalo Coelho também recolheu toras de pau-brasil – a árvore que, em breve, iria definir o nome e o futuro daquele território. Seguindo sua jornada para o sul, as três caravelas chegaram a um local esplendoroso no primeiro dia de 1502. Era uma ampla “boca de mar”, cercada de vastas montanhas recobertas de mata luxuriante. Julgando se tratar da foz de um rio, os exploradores batizaram o lugar com o nome de Rio de Janeiro.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 628 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;É possível que, no período em que Vespúcio estava em Cabo Frio, seu desafeto, Gonçalo Coelho, estivesse poucos quilômetros mais ao sul, fundeado na baía de Guanabara. Lá, o comandante da frota também teria decidido construir uma feitoria, já que, a partir de 1504, a expressão “carioca” – que em tupi significa “casa de branco” – passaria a ser associada à baía de Guanabara.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 774 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Por iniciativa do jovem cosmógrafo Martin Waldessemüller, o Ginásio Vosgense decidiu “revisar e ampliar” a obra de Ptolomeu, tendo como base as “descobertas” feitas por Vespúcio. E assim, em um texto que se tornaria profético, Waldessemüller escreveu: “Agora que uma outra parte do mundo, a quarta, foi descoberta por Americum Vesputium, de nada sei que nos possa impedir de denominá-la, de direito, Amerigem, ou América, isto é, a terra de Americus, em honra de seu descobridor, um homem sagaz, já que tanto a Ásia como a Europa receberam nomes de mulheres.”&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 839 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Cristóvão Colombo morrera quase que exatamente um ano antes, em 20 de maio de 1506, amargurado e na miséria. Os eruditos de Saint-Dié não ignoravam suas descobertas. Mas, até pelo menos 1514, muitos geógrafos – Waldessemüller entre eles – acreditavam que as ilhas achadas por Colombo em outubro de 1492 de fato eram os limites ocidentais da Ásia, enquanto que a América do Sul (supostamente descoberta por Vespúcio na viagem de 1497 e de fato explorada por ele próprio entre 1501 e 1504) seria um continente autônomo, totalmente separado delas ou, quando muito, interligado ao arquipélago por um istmo.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 846 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Dessa forma, a “quarta parte do mundo” acabou sendo batizada com o nome de um homem que não fora o seu descobridor. De acordo com um texto escrito em 1900 pelo historiador brasileiro Capistrano de Abreu, “a falsidade e a galanteria” foram “pavoneadas pela imprensa e, por força delas, temos hoje o nome de americanos”.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 860 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;As toras de pau-brasil, levadas para Lisboa, eram reembarcadas para Amsterdã para serem reduzidas a pó. O pó – usado para tingir os tecidos – era revendido na França e na Itália. A exaustiva tarefa de cortar e raspar a duríssima madeira até transformá-la em pó grosso era dada a prisioneiros, e essa indústria tornou-se virtualmente um monopólio do governo holandês. Dois prisioneiros, trabalhando ao longo de um dia inteiro, produziam 27 quilos de pó por jornada.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 968 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A exploração do “pau-de-tinta” foi feita num ritmo tão feroz que, ao longo de todo o século XVI, portugueses e franceses levaram, em média, oito mil toneladas da madeira por ano para a Europa.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1048 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;De início, os nativos ficaram encantados com as bugigangas que os europeus lhes ofereceram como “resgate”: espelhos, avelórios (vidrilhos), contas, pentes, cascavéis (guizos) e pedaços de pano. Assim que a novidade passou, lusos e franceses tiveram que substituir essas quinquilharias baratas por ferramentas de metal (tesouras, anzóis, facas e machados). Então, de um momento para outro, as tribos tupis do litoral brasileiro saíram da Idade da Pedra para ingressar na Idade do Ferro. Foi uma revolução instantânea.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1078 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A presença desses traficantes no litoral brasileiro tornou-se tão comum que muitos acidentes foram batizados com nomes como Porto Velho dos Franceses e Porto Novo dos Franceses (ambos no Rio Grande do Norte), rio dos Franceses (na Paraíba), baía dos Franceses (em Pernambuco), boqueirão dos Franceses (em Porto Seguro) ou praia do Francês (próxima à atual Maceió, em Alagoas). Outro ponto no qual os navios normandos ancoravam com muita frequência era a praia de Búzios, no Rio Grande do Norte, cerca de 25 quilômetros ao sul de Natal.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1382 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Mas, disposto a atacar as possessões de Carlos V em todos os quadrantes do globo, Francisco I logo decidiu afrontar também as determinações do Tratado de Tordesilhas. Ao justificar sua atitude, em uma carta a um diplomata espanhol, o rei francês faria o mais ousado e mordaz dos comentários sobre o tratado. “O sol brilha para mim como para todos”, disse ele. “Gostaria de ver a cláusula do testamento de Adão que me excluiu da partilha do mundo.”&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1428 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Por não concordarem com os direitos que Portugal obtivera através do Tratado de Tordesilhas, os franceses instauraram um processo judicial contra a corte de Lisboa após a apreensão da nau A Peregrina. Graças aos registros desse tribunal é que os detalhes do episódio se tornaram conhecidos. O fato de A Peregrina transportar em seus porões a espantosa quantidade de três mil peles de onça levou o historiador americano Dean Warren a dedicar ao tema duas páginas de seu livro A Ferro e Fogo (sobre a devastação da Mata Atlântica), especulando sobre o impacto causado por tal mortandade não só no meio ambiente, mas nos próprios costumes indígenas.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1489 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;O “mar do Sul” seria finalmente avistado no dia 25 de setembro de 1513. Depois de uma jornada épica, Vasco Núñez de Balboa cruzou as montanhas e selvas do Panamá e enfim vislumbrou o oceano que banhava a costa oeste da América. De posse dessa informação – que a deixava com ampla vantagem sobre Portugal na corrida em busca desse território desconhecido –, a Coroa castelhana decretou que qualquer navio português encontrado navegando pelo Caribe fosse capturado e seus tripulantes imediatamente presos.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1597 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Aquele era o primeiro encontro entre os europeus e os Charrua, aguerridos e indômitos nativos do Pampa, que caçavam emas com boleadeiras e viviam em tendas de couro. O que realmente interessava, porém, eram as notícias que esses índios deram para os portugueses. No interior daquela região, garantiam os Charrua, existiam “grandes montanhas onde a neve nunca desaparece”. Nos arredores delas vivia “um povo serrano, que possui muitíssimo ouro batido, usado à moda de armadura, na frente e ao peito”.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1641 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Foi a primeira vez que os europeus ouviram falar do Peru e de seus habitantes, os ricos e poderosos incas. Em breve, encontrar esse povo e conquistar seu território se tornaria uma obsessão que por 20 anos traria várias expedições ao sul da América e reclamaria muitas vidas antes de se revelar… uma espantosa realidade.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1647 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Na véspera do Natal de 1519, Pigafetta disse ter visto uma das nativas, “das mais bonitas”, subir a bordo “em busca de um companheiro. Mas ao ver um prego do tamanho de um dedo, e julgando que ninguém a observava, enfiou-o rapidamente entre os dois lábios da vagina e jogou-se de volta ao mar”.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1851 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Aleixo Garcia arregimentou um exército formado por dois mil índios flecheiros (Carijó, em sua maioria) e partiu para sua assombrosa jornada em direção ao Peru e às fabulosas riquezas do Império Inca. Junto com o grupo, seguiu o mulato Francisco Pacheco. Do porto dos Patos, a tropa de Garcia se dirigiu, provavelmente por mar, a bordo de bergantins e longas canoas indígenas, até a foz do rio Itapocu, considerado “a porta de entrada do sertão”.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2008 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;O Peabiru podia ser alcançado tanto a partir da foz do Itapocu quanto de Cananeia, de São Vicente e de São Paulo. Em algum lugar do planalto sul-brasileiro, nas proximidades da atual cidade de Ponta Grossa (PR), essas trilhas e ramais se juntavam ao Peabiru e, cruzando pelas nascentes dos rios Tibaji, Ivaí e Piquiri, seguiam pela margem direita do rio Iguaçu até sua foz, no rio Paraná. Cruzando o Paraná, o Peabiru conduzia até o rio Paraguai e acabava na confluência desse rio com o rio Pilcomayo, no local onde seria fundada, mais tarde, a capital do Paraguai, Assunção. A grande área pantanosa do Chaco impedia que o Peabiru se unisse à rede viária construída pelos incas, com estradas pavimentadas, pontes pênseis, pedágio e postos de inspeção.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2028 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;O exército de flecheiros comandado por Aleixo Garcia atacou com ardor os vilarejos localizados nos arredores de Sucre e Potosí. Após encher cestos com taças de prata, peitorais de ouro e objetos de estanho, o grupo de guerrilheiros bateu em retirada, iniciando sua jornada de regresso a Santa Catarina. Mas, ao chegar às margens do rio Paraguai, a tropa foi atacada pelos temíveis Payaguá – índios extremamente ferozes que, dois séculos mais tarde, ficariam conhecidos como os “piratas do rio Paraguai”, aterrorizando os viajantes das monções (como eram chamados os comboios fluviais dos bandeirantes que, a partir de 1720, partiam de São Paulo para Cuiabá). Entre as centenas de mortos estava o próprio Aleixo Garcia.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2041 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Por dois meses, os homens de Martim Afonso percorreram 115 léguas (ou 700 quilômetros) – 65 das quais por montanhas imponentes e 50 por um grande platô descampado. Na volta, trouxeram um “grande rei”, senhor de toda aquela região, que veio com “grandes pedaços de cristal e a notícia de que no rio Paraguai havia muito ouro e prata”.14 Segundo o historiador Capistrano de Abreu, os homens de Martim Afonso subiram a serra da Mantiqueira e chegaram a São Paulo. E, de acordo com o historiador luso Jaime Cortesão, esse “grande senhor” era Tibiriçá, cacique de Piratininga, a aldeia que daria origem à cidade de São Paulo, e sogro do soturno degredado João Ramalho, que Martim Afonso iria encontrar alguns meses mais tarde.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2424 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Por um ano e três meses Martim Afonso permaneceu em São Vicente e acabou fundando ali a primeira cidade portuguesa no Brasil. Alguns historiadores, no entanto, afirmam que essa não teria sido uma decisão formal. Foi basicamente com a intenção de dar continuidade à exploração das riquezas do Prata que cerca de 250 integrantes da expedição de Martim Afonso simplesmente se deixaram ficar em São Vicente, “mais como hóspedes do que como colonizadores”.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2477 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Outros motivos podem ter contribuído para que vários homens de Martim Afonso decidissem se estabelecer em São Vicente. Um deles pode ser deduzido de uma carta escrita em 1554 pelo padre José de Anchieta. Além de buscar fortuna fácil em terra virgem, na qual não havia “nem lei nem rei” e onde abundavam “a caça, a pesca e os frutos silvestres”, os colonos portugueses também depararam com nativas “que andam nuas e não sabem negar-se a ninguém, mas ainda elas mesmas assediam e importunam os homens, metendo-se com eles nas redes, pois consideram uma honra dormir com cristãos”.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2482 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Martim Afonso e João Ramalho se encontraram no verão de 1532, em São Vicente. Mas Ramalho não vivia à beira-mar: havia pelo menos duas décadas, ele se instalara no topo do planalto, acima da serra do Mar, nas proximidades da atual cidade de Santo André, a cerca de 100 quilômetros da costa. Dali ele dirigia o tráfico de escravos do interior para o litoral. Foi Ramalho quem conduziu Martim Afonso serra acima, pela trilha escabrosa do Paranapiacaba (“lugar do qual se vê o mar”), caminho cujo traçado era similar ao da atual via Anchieta, a estrada que liga Santos a São Paulo. Ramalho era o senhor de todo aquele vasto e ainda desconhecido território, onde, por causa dele, os portugueses iriam se instalar poucos anos mais tarde.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2495 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Em agosto de 1533, seis meses após o retorno de Pero Lopes, Martim Afonso aportava em Lisboa. Poucas semanas mais tarde, chegavam a Portugal as notícias mais desalentadoras possíveis para os lusos e para os dois irmãos que tinham tentado conquistar a serra da Prata. Em árduo contraste com o destino inglório da excursão de Pero Lobo, um bando de aventureiros espanhóis, liderado por um ex-criador de porcos chamado Francisco Pizarro, acabara de realizar “a mais extraordinária façanha da história da conquista do Novo Mundo”. Em novembro de 1532, com 153 homens e 27 cavalos, Pizarro havia descoberto e fora capaz de conquistar o império do lendário Rei Branco – que, então, era o Inca Atahualpa, filho de Huayna Capac.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2541 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;O “feitiço do Peru” paralisou toda a atividade exploratória e colonizadora dos portugueses (e dos espanhóis) na “costa do ouro e da prata”, como era chamado, então, o litoral que vai de Cananeia até a foz do rio da Prata. Esse efeito estagnador se tornaria ainda mais completo depois de 1545, quando os espanhóis descobriram também a “sierra de la Plata”. Como o próprio Rei Branco, esse lugar lendário, ao qual se referiam os índios do sul de São Paulo, de Santa Catarina e das margens do Prata, existia de fato: era o cerro de Potosí, montanha de 600 metros de altura, quase toda de prata pura e da qual os conquistadores extraíram seis mil metros cúbicos do metal – fortuna que causou grande impacto na economia europeia.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2547 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Mas o Brasil jamais voltou a interessar os dois irmãos. Pero Lopes morreu num naufrágio, em 1539, quando retornava da Índia, onde cometeu grandes atrocidades contra árabes e hindus. Quanto a Martim Afonso, em suas memórias, redigidas em 1557, ele citaria o Brasil uma única vez, e apenas para dizer que, aqui, gastara “perto de três anos, passando muitos trabalhos, muitas fomes e muitas tormentas”.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2568 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;
</description>
        <pubDate>Thu, 13 Dec 2018 20:00:00 -0200</pubDate>
        <link>https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/eduardo-bueno-naufragos-traficantes-degredados</link>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/eduardo-bueno-naufragos-traficantes-degredados</guid>
        
        
      </item>
    
      
      <item>
        <title>A Viagem do Descobrimento: Um Olhar Sobre a Expedição de Cabral (Eduardo Bueno)</title>
        <description>&lt;p&gt;A Viagem do Descobrimento, de Eduardo Bueno, descreve a surpreendente Era dos Descobrimentos, com foco na descoberta do Brasil e nas grandes navegações portuguesas do século XV.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A narrativa começa desmontando a tese da descoberta acidental do Brasil. Comandando a maior e mais poderosa frota que Portugal jamais enviara para navegar o Atlântico, Cabral levava consigo instruções escritas pelo próprio Vasco da Gama, o famoso capitão que tinha alcançado o antigo sonho de alcançar a Índia, por via matírima, em 1498. Ao alongar a famosa manobra “volta do mar” mais ao oeste, Cabral descobre o Brasil em 22 de abril de 1500.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Bueno então apresenta ao leitor a fabulosa saga das navegações portuguesas, que começa logo após a última cruzada na África: a conquista da cidade de Ceuta, em 1415. &lt;!-- Location 815 --&gt; Em posse de informações sobre a existência de um comércio de ouro na foz de um rio no território do atual Senegal, o infante Dom Henrique lança os planos da circunavegação da África, com os objetivos de flanquear os mouros e conquistar a foz do então batizado “rio do Ouro”.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Estava lançada a empreitada que levaria Portugal a criar sucessivas inovações tecnológicas. A cosmopolita comunidade que D. Henrique atraíra a Sagres (o fim do mundo para os romanos) foi responsável pelo desenvolvimento de novas embarcações (como a caravela de velas latinas, para navegação com ventos contrários), de novos instrumentos de navegação e do aperfeiçoamento dos intrumentos já existentes. &lt;!-- Location 1062 e 1110 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Além dos feitos tecnológicos, a exploração iniciada por D. Henrique também foi responsável pela introdução em Portugal do modelo das capitanias hereditárias, da produção açucareira e do tráfico de escravos. Esses modelos sócio-econômicos seriam, juntamente com o lançamento de degredados em território desconhecido, utilizados na futura colonização do Brasil.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A chegada de Vasco da Gama à Índia foi o ápice desse processo de avanços da navegação portuguesa. Com posse de evidências de que existiam terras ao oeste da África (através da observação de aves, algas e troncos à deriva), com uma frota bem estruturada e com os melhores pilotos do tempo, a tese da descoberta acidental do Brasil por Cabral revela-se frágil.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Por fim, o novo território não despertou interesses colonizantes na coroa, já que as expedições de Américo Vespúcio (entre 1501 e 1504) não encontraram metais preciosos e tampouco especiarias. Isso selaria o destino do Brasil pelas próximas três décadas, como mero posto de extração de pau-brasil.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;No entanto, os relatos de Vespúcio no Brasil foram determinantes para provar que aquelas terras a oeste da Europa e da África eram um novo mundo, um novo continente, batizado em sua homenagem por engano de um obscuro geógrafo alemão.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Primeiro de uma série de quatro livros (da Coleção Brasilis), A Viagem do Descobrimento o fará ler todos os outros três, o que é recomendadíssimo.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;some-quotes&quot;&gt;Some quotes&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Quarenta e dois dias já se haviam passado desde que a armada chefiada por Pedro Álvares Cabral se lançara ao mar com destino à Índia. Com 10 naus e três caravelas, era a maior e mais poderosa frota que Portugal jamais enviara para singrar o Atlântico. Embora apenas duas semanas após a partida uma das naus houvesse desaparecido – “comeu-a o mar”, na frase poética e terrível de então –, a jornada fora rápida e tranquila. Nada ocorrera – nem temporais, correntes ou ventos bravios – que pudesse justificar um desvio involuntário de rota. E como atribuir um avanço tão resoluto para oeste a um erro de cálculo se a esquadra estava sob o comando dos pilotos mais habilidosos de seu tempo?&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 144 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Muitos anos antes de Vasco da Gama ter avistado aves voando “muito rijas” em meio ao oceano, os portugueses estavam convictos de que outras ilhas deveriam existir a oeste dos Açores e da Madeira – onde os ventos, por vezes, faziam aportar troncos com entalhes misteriosos. A questão é que parecia não valer a pena explorá-las. A Índia – com suas especiarias e suas sedas – com certeza ficava na direção oposta.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 193 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Na saga de Portugal, mito e história se mesclam de forma quase indissolúvel. A ancestral tradição céltico-druídica, o paganismo germânico, o misticismo islâmico, as lendas da cavalaria de Carlos Magno, as antigas profecias bíblicas, as fábulas milenaristas, os Templários e sua busca do Santo Graal, o espírito das Cruzadas: todos esses ingredientes se mesclaram para fundir a nacionalidade lusitana e modelar seu projeto utópico de conquistar o mundo pela navegação dos mares.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 721 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Em 23 de julho de 1415, cinco dias após o último suspiro da rainha Filipa de Lancaster, a expedição partiu para a conquista de Ceuta. Era uma frota impressionante, com mais de 200 embarcações: “Trinta e três galés, vinte e sete trirremes, trinta e duas birremes e cento e vinte outros navios”, nos quais se amontoavam 50 mil soldados e 30 mil marinheiros – mais de 20% da população total de Portugal àquela época.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 776 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A tomada de Ceuta foi um momento-chave da história: aquela seria a última cruzada e a primeira vitória europeia sobre os árabes na África desde os dias de glória do Império Romano.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 819 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Ao fim de 20 dias de marcha, nas proximidades da cidade de Timbuctu, em Mali (veja mapa na página 62), os marroquinos expunham montes separados de sal, coral de Ceuta e mercadorias baratas. Depois, afastavam-se. Os homens das tribos locais, que viviam nas minas abertas, de onde extraíam seu ouro, aproximavam-se e colocavam, ao lado de cada pilha, a quantidade de ouro que julgavam valer tais mercadorias. Então, era sua vez de se retirarem, deixando aos mercadores árabes a função de aceitar a oferta ou reduzir a quantidade de peças expostas. O processo se repetia até que toda a mercadoria fosse retirada. Era o “comércio mudo” – uma forma de etiqueta comercial entre povos que não conheciam a língua uns dos outros, costume tão antigo que fora descrito por Heródoto.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 837 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Na vida real, D. Henrique de fato interessava-se por ocultismo, chegando a escrever um livro chamado Segredo dos Segredos da Astrologia. Zurara, seu biógrafo, atribuiu as “altas conquistas” do príncipe ao fato de ele “ter o ascendente em Áries, que é a casa de Marte, Aquário na casa de Saturno e o sol na casa de Júpiter”.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 879 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Embora as caravelas já fossem conhecidas dos árabes, na sua versão original eram pequenos barcos usados na navegação fluvial ou costeira, na orla do Mediterrâneo. Os navegantes gregos das galés romanas as batizaram de “caravos” (ou “lagostas”). Caravela é um diminutivo de caravo. De fato, o barco desenvolvido pelos lusos – e que lhes propiciaria fazer suas descobertas – tinha só 20t (contra 50t do caravo), 20m de comprimento e um casco esguio, que lhe permitia alcançar grande velocidade e ser facilmente manobrado. As caravelas se revelaram capazes de entrar nos portos pequenos da costa africana – além de poderem navegar próximas à costa. “São os melhores barcos do mundo”, disse o italiano Cadamosto.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1065 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Para navegar contra o vento, os lusos desenvolveram então um novo tipo de navio: a caravela de velas latinas (ver boxe na página anterior). Velas latinas são panos triangulares, de borda rígida, capazes de gerar uma força propulsora na direção oposta à do vento – o que permitia a execução da manobra que, em linguagem náutica, se chama “bolinar”.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1087 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;De início, para calcular o ponto em que seus navios se encontravam, os navegadores se baseavam na altura em que a estrela Polar se encontrava do horizonte. À medida que avançaram para o sul, os lusos viram esse signo universal de localização “afogar-se” no horizonte norte. A cosmopolita comunidade que D. Henrique atraíra para Sagres – da qual fariam parte o astrônomo Abraão Zacuto e o matemático José Vizinho, ambos judeus fugidos das perseguições de Castela – desenvolveu ou aperfeiçoou tabelas matemáticas com a declinação dos astros e admiráveis instrumentos de navegação, entre os quais o quadrante, o astrolábio, a agulha de marear (espécie de bússola), a balestrilha e o noturlábio (um tipo de astrolábio usado à noite, com a luz das estrelas), além de aprimorar os rudimentares portulanos, antigos mapas náuticos feitos pelos árabes em peles de carneiro ou em pergaminhos.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1112 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Embora as jornadas exploratórias prosseguissem, o comércio de escravos e, depois, o de pimenta-malagueta (de qualidade inferior, mas mais barata do que a da Índia), de ouro e de marfim não só batizariam várias regiões da costa da África (os topônimos Costa do Ouro, Costa do Marfim, Costa da Pimenta e Costa dos Escravos se manteriam por séculos) como iriam movimentar 25 caravelas por ano. Malagueta, marfim e ouro eram rentáveis, mas o verdadeiro lucro das expedições de D. Henrique vinha do tráfico de escravos.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1146 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Em 13 de novembro de 1460, aos 64 anos, D. Henrique morreu em Sagres. Apenas um terço da costa africana fora desvendado, mas o infante não só bebera água do Senegal, comera ovos de avestruz e carne de elefante, como lançara as bases da exploração sistemática: para ele, cada passo sobre o desconhecido era um convite para ir além. D. Henrique também comandou a colonização dos Açores e da Madeira, introduziu Portugal na produção açucareira e no tráfico de escravos e enfraqueceu o domínio árabe na África. Ao fazê-lo, pavimentou a trilha que levaria os europeus a dominarem o mundo.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1205 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Nas fervilhantes feitorias da Guiné, Colombo ouviu falar dos segredos da navegação lusitana: as ilhas que existiriam a oeste dos Açores, os misteriosos troncos entalhados que chegavam às praias e a “volta do mar”. Começou a ler sofregamente: além do Imago Mundi, de Pierre d’Ally, e da reedição de Ptolomeu, ele mergulhou na carta de Toscanelli, que veio lhe parar nas mãos e da qual ele tirou a ideia de chegar à Índia pela rota do Ocidente.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1289 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Em 1484, Colombo conseguiu uma audiência com D. João II, na qual tentou convencê-lo a financiar sua expedição para as Índias pela rota sugerida por Toscanelli. Pediu três navios e a fortuna de 2 milhões de maravedis, antiga moeda usada tanto em Portugal quanto na Espanha. O rei submeteu o projeto a sua junta de astrônomos. Coube ao bispo Diogo Ortiz dizer a Colombo que seu plano era uma quimera irrealizável.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1301 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;O impasse seria resolvido cerca de um ano depois, quando os representantes de D. João II e dos reis Fernando e Isabel reuniram-se na pequena cidade de Tordesilhas, no norte da Espanha, e em 7 de junho de 1494 firmaram um novo tratado dividindo o mundo entre si, com a bênção papal. Mais bem informados que seus rivais, os lusos garantiram, então, a posse de todas as terras 370 léguas a oeste de Cabo Verde, assim assegurando seu domínio não só sobre o litoral do Brasil, mas obtendo também a soberania sobre o amplo espaço oceânico necessário para a realização da “volta do mar”, que Bartolomeu Dias julgava, com razão, ser fundamental para cruzar o cabo da Boa Esperança.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1345 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Com quatro navios e 170 homens, Gama partiu de Lisboa em 8 de julho de 1497. Em agosto, chegou ao cabo Verde, de onde zarpou para sudoeste, em direção ao mar aberto – conforme as indicações de Bartolomeu Dias, que se separou da frota e seguiu para Elmina. Ao fim da tarde de 22 de agosto, quando se encontrava próxima à costa do Brasil, a frota de Gama avistou aves que pareciam estar “indo para a terra”. Gama não pôde segui-las, pois logo inverteu seu rumo para leste, em direção à última ponta da África. Em 18 de novembro, depois de uma árdua batalha contra o mar, a frota de Vasco da Gama tornou-se a segunda expedição a dobrar o cabo agora chamado da Boa Esperança.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1368 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Mas, de acordo com o historiador Jaime Cortesão, nenhum degredado iria desempenhar um papel histórico tão importante quanto Afonso Ribeiro. Segundo Cortesão, foi a partir do relato de Ribeiro que Américo Vespúcio redigiu a carta Mundus Novus – na qual rebatia frontalmente a tese de Colombo de que as terras recém-descobertas eram parte das Índias. De todo modo, como se verá, Vespúcio não baseou sua teoria apenas no relatório que obteve, em primeiríssima mão, desse degredado, mas serviu-se também da conversa que mantivera algumas semanas antes com o próprio Pedro Álvares Cabral.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1727 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Pedro Álvares Cabral morreu na obscuridade, por volta de 1520, sem nunca ter retornado à corte – e virtualmente sem saber que revelara ao mundo um território que era quase um continente. Em 1521 morria também o rei D. Manoel I, o monarca que jamais se interessou pela terra descoberta por Cabral.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1924 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Na segunda metade do século XVI, quando o rei D. Manoel, o capitão-mor Pedro Álvares Cabral e o escrivão Pero Vaz de Caminha já estavam mortos havia mais de duas décadas, começaria a surgir em Lisboa a tese de que o Brasil fora descoberto por acaso. Tal teoria foi obra dos cronistas e historiadores oficiais da corte. Fernão Lopes de Castanheda, em História do Descobrimento e Conquista da Índia (publicado em 1541), João de Barros, autor de Décadas da Ásia (de 1552), Damião de Goés, que escreveu a Crônica do Felicíssimo Rei D. Manoel (em 1558), e Gaspar Correia, em Lendas da Índia (de 1561), afirmaram, todos, que a descoberta de Cabral fora fortuita e involuntária. A tese, tão de acordo com o desprezo que a Coroa reservava ao Brasil, logo se tornou verdade histórica. Tanto que os dois primeiros historiadores do Brasil, frei Vicente do Salvador e Sebastião da Rocha Pita, escrevendo respectivamente em 1627 e 1730, abraçaram e divulgaram a tese do “descobrimento casual”.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1927 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Ainda assim, apesar de o tema ser ainda hoje tão polêmico, o próprio Capistrano de Abreu (que admitia a precedência de Pinzón e Lepe sobre Cabral) sepultou a questão já em 1900 ao afirmar que as consequências práticas dessas viagens espanholas foram irrelevantes e que o “descobrimento sociológico” do Brasil evidentemente coube aos portugueses. A tese de Capistrano também pode ser usada para encerrar a discussão sobre os supostos precursores lusos de Cabral: se alguma expedição portuguesa de fato chegou ao Brasil antes da de Cabral, seu significado histórico foi praticamente nulo. A terra só seria integrada ao império ultramarino lusitano após o desembarque de Cabral – e, ainda assim, muito lentamente, como se sabe.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1994 --&gt;
</description>
        <pubDate>Tue, 27 Nov 2018 20:00:00 -0200</pubDate>
        <link>https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/eduardo-bueno-viagem-descobrimento</link>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/eduardo-bueno-viagem-descobrimento</guid>
        
        
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      <item>
        <title>O Sol é Para Todos (Harper Lee)</title>
        <description>&lt;p&gt;O Sol é Para Todos é uma viagem aos anos 1930 que tem, como pano de fundo, o dia do julgamento de Tom Robinson, um homem
negro acusado de estupro na fictícia Maycomb, no segregado sul dos Estados Unidos.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A história é contada pela perspectiva de Jean Louise Finch, a Scout, uma esperta garotinha de 6 anos. Através das
memórias da Scout, somos apresentados aos personagens dessa história, sempre acompanhadas de anedotas que você
esperaria de uma criança dessa idade.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A rotina de aventuras, confusões e acidentes de Scout, seu irmão Jem e seu amigo Dill, prepara o leitor para o grande
dia do julgamento. As interações das crianças com os moradores de Maycomb dão, ao leitor, a dimensão do racismo e da
segregação existentes naquela sociedade.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;O julgamento em si é um dos pontos altos da história, com um grande discurso de Atticus Finch (pai da protagonista),
advogado da defesa, centrado na presunção de inocência ante a falta de provas.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Porém, a obra também é um produto de seu tempo. Publicada originalmente em 1960, todo o pano de fundo da questão racial
avança graças aos elevados valores morais de Atticus, o benevolente homem branco “defensor de negros”. Praticamente
inexiste iniciativa dos personagens negros vítimas das mazelas daquela sociedade. Calpurnia (a governanta negra da
família Finch), por exemplo, apesar de ser claramente uma figura materna para Jem e Scout, é pouco desenvolvida na
história.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Portanto, não leia esse livro achando que será uma grande obra contra o racismo (como frequentemente esse livro é
referido). Esse é apenas o pano de fundo para o desenrolar de uma história sobre gente simples e suas vidas, contadas de
forma vívida pela pequena protagonista.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;O que dá para afirmar é que, ao terminar de ler O Sol é Para Todos, você terá conhecido uma das personagens mais
fantásticas da literatura.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;some-quotes&quot;&gt;Some quotes&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A srta. Caroline começou a aula lendo para nós uma história sobre gatos. Os gatos conversavam muito entre si, usavam
roupinhas lindas e moravam numa casa acolhedora, embaixo do forno da cozinha. Quando a sra. Gato ligou para a lanchonete
e pediu ratos de chocolate, a classe toda estava muito agitada, parecia um balde cheio de minhocas. A professora parecia
não se dar conta de que seus alunos do primeiro ano, meninos e meninas que usavam roupas remendadas, camisas de brim e
saias de saco de farinha, a maioria dos quais tinha colhido algodão e dado comida aos porcos desde que aprenderam a
andar, eram imunes à literatura fantástica.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 345 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Eu não gostava de ler até o dia em que tive medo de não poder ler mais. Ninguém ama respirar.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 375 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Atticus se levantou e foi até a beira da varanda. Quando acabou de examinar as glicínias, voltou para o meu lado. — Em
primeiro lugar, Scout — ele disse —, se aprender um truque simples, vai se relacionar melhor com todo o tipo de gente.
Você só consegue entender uma pessoa de verdade quando vê as coisas do ponto de vista dela.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 658 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Tio Jack ergueu as sobrancelhas e não disse nada. Além da atração inerente àquelas palavras, eu estava colocando em
prática a improvável teoria de que, se Atticus descobrisse que eu estava aprendendo palavrões na escola, não me
deixaria mais ir.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1829 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Tia Alexandra era obcecada pelas minhas roupas. Como eu podia querer um dia ser uma mulher elegante usando suspensórios
masculinos? Quando eu disse que usando vestido eu não conseguia fazer nada, ela retrucou que eu não devia fazer nada que
exigisse calças compridas. Para ela, eu devia brincar de comidinha, servir chá num aparelho em miniatura e usar o
pequeno colar de pérolas que ela me deu quando nasci. Além disso, eu deveria ser um raio de sol na vida solitária do meu
pai. Respondi que qualquer pessoa podia ser um raio de sol mesmo usando calças compridas, mas minha tia disse que eu
tinha de me comportar como um raio de sol também, que eu tinha nascido uma boa menina, mas ia piorando a cada ano.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1884 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;— É. Mas depois não teria coragem de encarar os meus filhos. Você sabe o que vai acontecer tanto quanto eu, e espero que
Jem e Scout passem por isso sem sofrimento e principalmente sem pegar essa doença tão comum em Maycomb. Como pessoas
razoáveis ficam possessas quando se trata de qualquer coisa relacionada com um negro eu nunca vou entender… Só espero
que Jem e Scout venham me procurar quando quiserem respostas em vez de ficarem dando ouvidos ao que se fala pela cidade.
E que confiem em mim… Jean Louise?&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2069 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Atticus não fazia nada. Trabalhava num escritório, e não numa farmácia. Não era motorista do caminhão de lixo do condado,
não era xerife, não trabalhava no campo, não era mecânico, nem fazia nada que alguém pudesse admirar.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2085 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Mas antes de ser obrigado a viver com os outros, tenho de conviver comigo mesmo. A única coisa que não deve se curvar ao
julgamento da maioria é a consciência de uma pessoa.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2454 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Coragem é fazer uma coisa mesmo estando derrotado antes de começar — prosseguiu Atticus. — E mesmo assim ir até o fim,
apesar de tudo. Você raramente vai vencer, mas às vezes vai conseguir.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2624 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Ninguém precisa mostrar tudo que sabe. Não é educado. Em segundo lugar, as pessoas não gostam de quem sabe mais que
eles. Incomoda. A gente não muda os outros falando direito, eles precisam querer aprender. E se não querem, o jeito é
ficar calada ou falar como eles.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2902 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Em geral, as pessoas veem o que querem ver e ouvem o que querem ouvir (…)&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 4029 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;— Senhores, serei breve, mas gostaria de usar o tempo que me resta para lembrá-los que este caso é simples, não exige o
exame detalhado de fatos complexos, mas exige que os senhores tenham absoluta certeza da culpa do acusado. Para começar,
este caso não deveria ter ido a julgamento. É tão simples quanto preto no branco. O Estado não produziu nenhuma prova
médica do crime que Tom Robinson teria cometido. Confiou apenas no depoimento de duas testemunhas, cujas declarações
foram seriamente questionadas durante o interrogatório e enfaticamente negadas pelo acusado. O réu não é culpado, mas
alguém aqui neste tribunal é.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 4740 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Sabemos, senhores, que se trata de uma mentira tão negra quanto a pele de Tom Robinson, uma mentira que não preciso
explicar aos senhores. Os senhores sabem a verdade: alguns negros mentem, alguns negros são imorais, alguns negros não
merecem a confiança de ficar perto das mulheres, sejam elas brancas ou negras. Mas essa verdade se aplica à raça humana,
sem distinção. Não existe ninguém neste tribunal que nunca tenha mentido, que nunca tenha feito algo imoral, não existe
um homem vivo que nunca tenha olhado para uma mulher com desejo.”&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 4769 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Atticus falava tão calmamente que a última palavra doeu no nosso ouvido. Olhei para cima e a expressão no rosto dele era
de veemência. — Para mim não há nada mais repugnante do que um branco de quinta categoria tirar vantagem da ignorância
de um negro. Podem ter certeza: essa dívida está aumentando e um dia vamos pagar essa conta. Espero que até lá vocês já
tenham morrido.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 5140 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Mas todo mundo tem que aprender, ninguém nasce sabendo. Walter é muito inteligente, ele só se atrasa na escola porque
tem que ajudar o pai. Não tem nada de errado com ele. Olha, Jem, eu acho que só existe um tipo de gente: gente.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 5291 --&gt;
</description>
        <pubDate>Sat, 18 Aug 2018 19:00:00 -0300</pubDate>
        <link>https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/harper-lee-sol-todos</link>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/harper-lee-sol-todos</guid>
        
        
      </item>
    
      
      <item>
        <title>Napoleão: Uma Biografia Literária (Alexandre Dumas)</title>
        <description>&lt;p&gt;Alexandre Dumas entrega pequenos tesouros ao longo desta curta biografia, como discussões entre Napoleão e seus
comandados além de pequenas curiosidades do mesmo. No entanto, as descrições das campanhas Napoleônicas são
extensas e monótonas para quem não está habituado com o linguajar das movimentações militares. As batalhas são
detalhadas à exaustão, com ênfase nas movimentações das tropas, no número de soldados envolvidos, nos nomes dos generais
e dos espólios conquistados.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Caso esteja curioso em saber mais sobre a pessoa histórica de Napoleão e também sua influência na Europa e no mundo,
recomendo a leitura de uma biografia escrita por um historiador (a de Vincent Cronin é uma bem avaliada). Dumas pouco
contextualiza as mudanças que estavam ocorrendo no mundo antes, durante e depois de Napoleão. As novas fronteiras da
Europa, a introdução do código civil e do direito penal, as guerras de independência nas Américas, a adoção do sistema
métrico e outros avanços da época (influenciados ou não por Napoleão) não estão presentes na obra.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A leitura vale para ter o entendimento do envolvimento de Napoleão nas batalhas: sua visão estratégica e sua grande
capacidade de liderança tem poucos paralelos na história. Para quem sabe um pouco mais do be-a-bá militar, este livro é
um prato cheio.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;some-quotes&quot;&gt;Some quotes&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;O recém-chegado era corso, isto é, de um país que ainda em nossos dias luta contra a civilização com uma força de
inércia tal que, privado de independência, conseguiu preservar seu caráter. Falava apenas o idioma de sua ilha
materna e tinha a pele queimada pelo sol meridional, os olhos escuros e penetrantes do montanhês. Era mais que o
necessário para despertar a curiosidade dos colegas e aumentar sua selvageria natural, pois a curiosidade da infância
é zombeteira e impiedosa.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 94 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Certo dia em que passeava com ela pelos arredores da garganta de Tende, ocorreu ao jovem general proporcionar à sua bela
companheira o espetáculo de uma pequena guerra, e ordenou um ataque da linha de frente. Doze homens foram vítimas desse
divertimento, e Napoleão confessou mais de uma vez em Santa Helena que aqueles homens, mortos sem motivo e por puro
capricho, representavam para ele um remorso maior que a morte dos 600 mil soldados por ele semeados nas estepes nevadas
da Rússia.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 350 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Ficara dois anos ausente e, nesse período, tinha feito cento e cinquenta mil prisioneiros, tomado cento e setenta
bandeiras, cento e cinquenta peças de canhão, seiscentas peças de campanha, cinco equipagens de ponte, nove
embarcações de setenta e quatro canhões, doze fragatas de trinta e dois, doze corvetas e dezoito galeras; além disso,
como dissemos, tendo levado da França dois mil luíses, enviara em várias remessas perto de cinquenta milhões. Contra
todas as tradições antigas e modernas, fora o exército a alimentar a pátria.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 524 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Eram três da tarde. Dos dezenove mil homens que tinham iniciado a batalha às cinco da manhã, restavam apenas, num raio
de quilômetros, oito mil homens de infantaria, mil cavalos e seis peças de canhão em estado de uso. Um quarto do
exército achava-se fora de combate, e outro quarto, na falta de veículos, estava ocupada em transportar os feridos, que
Bonaparte dera ordens para não serem abandonados.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 877 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;O Império contava então com centro e trinta departamentos, estendendo-se do oceano bretão aos mares da Grécia, do Tejo
até o Elba. Cento e vinte milhões de homens, obedecendo a uma única vontade, submetidos a um poder único e conduzidos
numa mesma direção, gritavam “Viva Napoleão!” em oito línguas diferentes.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1402 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Em 14 de setembro, o exército entrou em Moscou. Tudo seria sombrio nessa guerra, inclusive os triunfos. Nossos soldados
estavam habituados a entrar em capitais, não em necrópoles. Moscou parecia um imenso túmulo, por toda parte deserta e
silenciosa. Napoleão estabeleceu-se no Kremlin, e o exército se espalhou pela cidade. Em seguida, anoiteceu.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1639 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;O caldo era a alimentação mais comum. Ora, eis em que ele consistia. Como era impossível arranjar água, porque o gelo
cobria todas as fontes e todos os charcos, derretia-se numa panela uma quantidade considerável de neve para produzir o
volume de água necessário. Em seguida diluía-se nessa água, que era escura e lamacenta, uma porção disponível de farinha
mais ou menos espessa e engrossava-se essa mistura até a consistência do caldo. Depois, temperava-se com sal ou, na sua
falta, jogavam-se dois ou três cartuchos que, ao lhe imprimir sabor de pólvora, tirava-lhe a extrema insipidez,
colorindo-o com uma tinta escura que lembrava bastante o “caldo preto” dos espartanos.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1715 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Todos esses presságios não escaparam a Napoleão, que sentiu, apesar de seus esforços, que a França lhe fugia das mãos.
Sem esperanças de conservar seu trono, queria pelo menos conseguir um túmulo, e, em Arcis-sur-Aube e Saint-Dizier,
fizera tudo, embora em vão, o que podia para se deixar matar — ele tinha um pacto com os projéteis e as balas.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1855 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Às três horas, Vandamme chegava. Um algarismo garatujado fora a causa de seu atraso: tomara um quatro por um seis. Foi o
primeiro punido por seu erro, pois não combateu.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2355 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Aquele que escreve estas linhas viu Napoleão apenas duas vezes na vida, com oito dias de intervalo, e isso durante o
breve momento de uma escala de viagem. A primeira, quando ele se dirigia para Ligny, a segunda, quando voltava de
Waterloo; a primeira vez, à luz do sol, a segunda, à luz de uma lamparina; a primeira, aclamado por uma multidão, a
segunda, sob o silêncio de toda uma população.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2659 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Em 7 de agosto, apesar desse protesto, Napoleão foi forçado a se transferir do Bellérophon para bordo do Northumberland.
Embora a ordem ministerial mandasse retirar sua espada, o almirante Keith sentiu-se envergonhado por tal determinação e
não a executou.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2695 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Quanto à Inglaterra, aceitou em todo o seu alcance a vergonha de sua traição, e, a contar de 16 de outubro de 1815, os
reis tiveram seu Cristo, e os povos, seu Judas.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2699 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;O imperador tomava banho todos os dias. Disseram-lhe para se contentar com um banho por semana, pois a água era escassa
em Longwood. Ali havia algumas árvores sob as quais às vezes ele ia andar e que davam a única sombra disponível dentro
dos limites delineados para seus passeios. O governador mandou derrubá-las e, como o imperador queixara-se da crueldade,
ele respondeu que ignorava que aquelas árvores fossem agradáveis ao “general Buonaparte”, mas que, já que lamentava,
“plantariam outras”.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2797 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Morro prematuramente, assassinado pela oligarquia inglesa e seu sicário; o povo inglês não tardará a me vingar.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2918 --&gt;
</description>
        <pubDate>Tue, 29 May 2018 19:00:00 -0300</pubDate>
        <link>https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/alexandre-dumas-napoleao-biografia</link>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/alexandre-dumas-napoleao-biografia</guid>
        
        
      </item>
    
      
      <item>
        <title>Tirando de Letra: Orientações Simples e Práticas para Escrever Bem (Chico Moura et al.)</title>
        <description>&lt;p&gt;Este livro me chamou a atenção quando li “escrever bem”, em amarelo, em sua capa minimalista e atraente. Escrever bem é
e continua sendo um desafio para mim, desde os e-mails rotineiros às resenhas de livros. Que posso fazer para escrever
bem? Melhor: é possível escrever bem para alguém não talentoso?&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A introdução do livro diz que sim:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
  &lt;p&gt;Qualquer pessoa interessada é capaz de produzir bons textos, desde que conheça os princípios básicos de escrita e
certos aspectos relacionados ao estilo. Ou seja, a produção de bons textos não depende de nenhuma dádiva especial.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A obra foca nos elementos de estilo que ajudam na elaboração de textos no geral: organização, clareza, precisão,
concisão, coerência e coesão.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;O livro é sucinto e a progressão dos capítulos ajuda o leitor a entender a correlação dos elementos de estilo. No
entanto, também é possível ler capítulos e seções em qualquer ordem, usando-o como um guia de estilo. O capítulo 4,
sobre procedimentos a se evitar e as seções sobre o uso da vírgula no capítulo 6 são bons exemplos disso.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;“Tirando de letra” estará sempre ao alcance das minhas mãos e, espero, fazer bom uso dele para escrever textos claros e
elegantes.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;some-quotes&quot;&gt;Some quotes&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Nada é totalmente neutro em termos de língua. As palavras que você usa, o modo como constrói as frases e as organiza num
texto, a consistência e a precisão de suas afirmações, o que você diz ou deixa de dizer e até o que está por trás do que
foi dito revelam muito sobre você. E podem aproximá-lo ou afastá-lo do leitor. &lt;!-- p22 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;O linguista Steven Pinker, em seu &lt;em&gt;Guia de escrita&lt;/em&gt;, chama os saltos de informação de “maldição do conhecimento”,
citando como exemplo os manuais de uso de produtos eletrônicos, que provavelmente são muito claros para os engenheiros
que os produziram, mas, para os leigos, são obscuros e incompreensíveis. &lt;!-- p30 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;O início de um texto — assim como o fim — chama mais a atenção do leitor que o desenvolvimento. Começar um texto é uma
tarefa difícil. As ideias demoram a engrenar e tomar a forma desejada. Assim, é comum que, no momento da criação do
texto, escreva-se muita coisa que pode (e deve) ser desbastada, tarefa a ser feita no momento da revisão e da reescrita
(…). &lt;!-- p43 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Tanto na prosa quanto na poesia, as palavras que vêm por último carregam mais peso. Na poesia, não é por acaso que as
rimas geralmente ocorrem no final de cada verso. Na prosa, uma das funções do ponto-final é enfatizar a palavra que o
precede. Naturalmente, o final das frases é mais forte. Tire partido disso para escrever com ênfase. Reserve essa
posição para as palavras mais importantes. &lt;!-- p63 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;No dizer do gramático Evanildo Bechara, “o falante deve ser poliglota em sua própria língua”. Isso significa ser capaz
de ajustar sua linguagem — falada ou escrita — ao contexto que ela está sendo produzida.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Para cada situação comunicativa há um nível de linguagem adequado, que vai do mais informal ao mais formal. Por se
tratar de um material que tem por objetivo informar o leitor a respeito da escrita, neste livro a linguagem utilizada
tende para a formal, seguindo as regras da gramática normativa. Porém, no dia a dia, escrevemos textos bem mais
informais, mais livres e nem por isso menos adequados. &lt;!-- p71 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Não ser igual&lt;/em&gt; a alguma coisa é &lt;em&gt;ser diferente&lt;/em&gt; dela. &lt;em&gt;Não ser simpático&lt;/em&gt; significa, de fato, ser &lt;em&gt;antipático&lt;/em&gt;. Afirmar
que algo &lt;em&gt;não é fácil&lt;/em&gt; é escamotear a verdade, pois de trata de algo &lt;em&gt;difícil&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Para obter uma escrita enfática, vigorosa, um bom caminho é só utilizar a palavra “não” quando se quer de fato negar
alguma coisa (“não gosto disso”, “não vou fazer aquilo”) ou criar uma antítese (“gosto disso, não daquilo”, “faça isto,
mas não aquilo”). &lt;!-- p74 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;É falso o entendimento de que para escrever bem é preciso utilizar palavras “difíceis”. É a velha história de turvar as
águas do lago para que ele pareça mais fundo. A simplicidade e a clareza são valores a perseguir na escrita, e esses
valores são opostos à pompa e circunstância. &lt;!-- p78 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;(…) Se você utilizar o advérbio “geralmente” em quase tudo que afirma, suas afirmações perdem a força e sua
argumentação fica debilitada. Trata-se de uma estratégia — de persuasão ou de autodefesa antecipada, para não se
comprometer — que deve ser utilizada com cuidado.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Para saber se é ou não o caso de omitir um qualificador (adjetivo) ou intensificador (advérbio), tente escrever a frase
sem ele e verifique se alguma coisa importante se perdeu. &lt;!-- p81 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Seja fiel à língua na qual você está escrevendo. Se existe uma palavra ou expressão correspondente em português, não há
por que utilizar um termo estrangeiro. Não se trata de demonizar o que vem de fora, mas de aproveitar a riqueza da
própria língua. Claro que, se for necessário, não há nenhum problema em utilizar palavras estrangeiras quando são de uso
corrente e compreendidas por um grande número de pessoas. &lt;!-- p92 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A simetria na construção das frases é o que chamamos de paralelismo. Não se pode dizer que a falta de paralelismo seja
um erro, mas não há dúvida de que seu emprego pode contribuir para a coerência e o ritmo do texto.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Se você escreve “não só”, deve dar continuidade à frase com “mas também” ou “como também”.&lt;!-- p100 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Uma das maneiras de manter a coerência é seguir o fluxo natural, que pode ser do geral para o específico, do menos
recente ao mais recente, do mais simples ao mais complexo, do mais curto ao mais longo, do menos importante ao mais
importante. Ou vice-versa para todas essas situações, é claro. &lt;!-- p109 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;O ponto-final cria pausa; pausa cria ênfase. Prefira períodos curtos. Se você só escreve períodos longos, não dá
condições para que o leitor acompanhe o encadeamento entre as ideias. Quando quem escreve não divide adequadamente as
ideias em diferentes períodos, cria problemas para quem lê, dificultando a interpretação. &lt;!-- p116 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;À semelhança do ponto-final, também os dois-pontos indicam uma pausa grande. Mas enquanto o ponto-final remete para algo
que já foi dito, encerra uma ideia, os dois-pontos preparam o leitor para a ideia que vem depois. Sugerem antecipação.
&lt;!-- p128 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;O uso sem critério do ponto de exclamação compromete sua finalidade. Escritores experientes, em geral, procuram outras
maneiras de demonstrar entusiasmo, valendo-se de mudanças na estrutura das frases ou de palavras que já encerram esse
estado de espírito. &lt;!-- p134 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;“A reescrita é a essência do escrever bem.” “Não é a escrita que vence o jogo, mas a reescrita.” Essas são as afirmações
de William Zinsser com as quais concordamos inteiramente. &lt;!-- p140 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
        <pubDate>Wed, 11 Apr 2018 19:00:00 -0300</pubDate>
        <link>https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/chico-moura-tirando-letra</link>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/chico-moura-tirando-letra</guid>
        
        
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      <item>
        <title>Clean Architecture: A Craftsman's Guide to Software Structure and Design (Robert C. Martin (Uncle Bob))</title>
        <description>&lt;p&gt;Uncle Bob’s Clean Architecture is an important reference book for software developers. The author introduces the reader
into the realm of software architecture, telling that “the rules of software architecture are the rules of ordering and
assembling the building blocks of programs” and that these blocks are universal and haven’t changed since he started in
the profession: they’re universal and changeless.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The introductory chapters describe the goal and the importance of good software architecture. Down to its essence, the
goal of software architecture is to minimize the human resources required to build and maintain the system. Uncle Bob
reinforce this message reproducing a case study that shows how bad architecture decreases the developers’ productivity
and raises the system’s maintenance costs.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;He explains that a software system provides two different values to the stakeholders: behavior and structure. The
behavior is the set of coded functional specifications (business rules, use cases) while the structure is the
architecture of the system. The architecture is of greater value because when done right, support best the business
because it makes the system easier to change and evolve.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The author then gives a brief overview of the three main programming paradigms (and in his words, the only available
paradigms): procedural programming, object-oriented programming, and functional programming. Each of these paradigms
restricts some aspect of how we write code. They tell us what not to do. We must create modules that are functionally
decomposable, not using jumping instructions (goto). We must use polymorphic interfaces to invert the flow of control,
enabling a plugin architecture that rightly separates the concerns of the system. We must avoid mutable variables to
prevent all the sorts of concurrency issues.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;And before exploring the architecture principles, he gives an overview of the SOLID design principles (which are
principles suited to the groupings of function and data, like the classes of the OO languages) and the components’
principles (the rules that govern how the code must be grouped into components and how the components should couple to
each other).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Then it comes the main part of the book, which shows the features of a good architecture. It starts reinforcing his
definition of architecture, which “is the shape given to the system by those who build it”. The form of this shape is
in the division of the system into the components, their arrangement and the ways they communicate with each other.
Using the outline of the chapters that compose this part, a good software architecture:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Must allow for independent deployability and develop-ability&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Must have clear boundaries between the components, with the dependencies pointing in one direction: toward the core
business&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Can have a mixture of chatty boundaries (same process, threads) or slow boundaries (local processes, services) between
the components&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Have the policies grouped at the right level: lower-level policies change frequently while higher-level policies
are more stable. The source code dependencies must always point to the high-level policies&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Have pristine business rules, located at the heart of the software&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Must not be based on frameworks. The architecture must tell its users (the developers) what is the theme of the
system&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Must be independent of frameworks, of the UI, of the database and from the interfaces to the outside world (i.e. HTTP,
network protocols)&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Must be testable&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;It is important to notice that this is a book that is supported by ideas. The author uses code examples sparingly and
supports his idea through the heavy use of simple diagrams. I see this as an odd decision, one that can bring too much
confusion to less experienced software developers. Books like Growing Object-Oriented Software (Nat Pryce and Steve
Freeman) and Implementing Domain-Driven Design (Vaughn Vernon) support better their points when discussing architectural
options with good code examples.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Besides that, the aforementioned books are a great and supplemental reading on the topic of software architecture. Uncle
Bob’s Clean Architecture will give food for thought for architectural discussions while the other two books will give
more approachable examples of the architectural concerns.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;some-quotes&quot;&gt;Some quotes&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The rules of software architecture are the rules of ordering and assembling the building blocks of programs. And since
those building blocks are universal and haven’t changed, the rules for ordering them are likewise universal and
changeless. &lt;!-- Location: 282 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The goal of software architecture is to minimize the human resources required to build and maintain the required system.
&lt;!-- Location: 365 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The measure of design quality is simply the measure of the effort required to meet the needs of the customer. If that
effort is low, and stays low throughout the lifetime of the system, the design is good. If that effort grows with each
new release, the design is bad. It’s as simple as that. &lt;!-- Location: 366 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Paradigms are ways of programming, relatively unrelated to languages. A paradigm tells you which programming structures
to use, and when to use them. To date, there have been three such paradigms. For reasons we shall discuss later, there
are unlikely to be any others. &lt;!-- Location: 545 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Structured programming imposes discipline on direct transfer of control. &lt;!-- Location: 555 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Object-oriented programming imposes discipline on indirect transfer of control. &lt;!-- Location: 563 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Functional programming imposes discipline upon assignment. &lt;!-- Location: 571 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;OO is the ability, through the use of polymorphism, to gain absolute control over every source code dependency in the
system. It allows the architect to create a plugin architecture, in which modules that contain high-level policies are
independent of modules that contain low-level details. The low-level details are relegated to plugin modules that can be
deployed and developed independently from the modules that contain high-level policies. &lt;!-- Location: 876 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The SOLID principles tell us how to arrange our functions and data structures into classes, and how those classes should
be interconnected. The use of the word “class” does not imply that these principles are applicable only to
object-oriented software. A class is simply a coupled grouping of functions and data. Every software system has such
groupings, whether they are called classes or not. The SOLID principles apply to those groupings.
&lt;!-- Location: 1002 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Of all the SOLID principles, the Single Responsibility Principle (SRP) might be the least well understood. That’s
likely because it has a particularly inappropriate name. It is too easy for programmers to hear the name and then
assume that it means that every module should do just one thing. &lt;!-- Location: 1044 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The SRP says to separate the code that different actors depend on. &lt;!-- Location: 1089 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The OCP is one of the driving forces behind the architecture of systems. The goal is to make the system easy to extend
without incurring a high impact of change. &lt;!-- Location: 1197 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The LSP can, and should, be extended to the level of architecture. A simple violation of substitutability, can cause a
system’s architecture to be polluted with a significant amount of extra mechanisms. &lt;!-- Location: 1276 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;(On the ISP) In general, it is harmful to depend on modules that contain more than you need. This is obviously true for
source code dependencies that can force unnecessary recompilation and redeployment—but it is also true at a much higher,
architectural level. &lt;!-- Location: 1305 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP) tells us that the most flexible systems are those in which source code
dependencies refer only to abstractions, not to concretions. &lt;!-- Location: 1319 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;One of the overriding concerns with this dependency structure is the isolation of volatility. We don’t want components
that change frequently and for capricious reasons to affect components that otherwise ought to be stable.
&lt;!-- Location: 1706 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;If we tried to design the component dependency structure before we designed any classes, we would likely fail rather
badly. We would not know much about common closure, we would be unaware of any reusable elements, and we would almost
certainly create components that produced dependency cycles. Thus the component dependency structure grows and evolves
with the logical design of the system. &lt;!-- Location: 1712 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Thus, if a component is to be stable, it should consist of interfaces and abstract classes so that it can be extended.
Stable components that are extensible are flexible and do not overly constrain the architecture. The SAP and the SDP
combined amount to the DIP for components. This is true because the SDP says that dependencies should run in the
direction of stability, and the SAP says that stability implies abstraction. Thus dependencies run in the direction of
abstraction. &lt;!-- Location: 1818 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The primary purpose of architecture is to support the life cycle of the system. Good architecture makes the system easy
to understand, easy to develop, easy to maintain, and easy to deploy. The ultimate goal is to minimize the lifetime
cost of the system and to maximize programmer productivity. &lt;!-- Location: 1928 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Perhaps a better way to say this is that the architecture of a system makes the operation of the system readily apparent
to the developers. Architecture should reveal operation. The architecture of the system should elevate the use cases,
the features, and the required behaviors of the system to first-class entities that are visible landmarks for the
developers. This simplifies the understanding of the system and, therefore, greatly aids in development and maintenance.
&lt;!-- Location: 1961 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;If you can develop the high-level policy without committing to the details that surround it, you can delay and defer
decisions about those details for a long time. And the longer you wait to make those decisions, the more information
you have with which to make them properly. &lt;!-- Location: 1997 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;What changes for different reasons? There are some obvious things. User interfaces change for reasons that have nothing
to do with business rules. Use cases have elements of both. Clearly, then, a good architect will want to separate the
UI portions of a use case from the business rule portions in such a way that they can be changed independently of each
other, while keeping those use cases visible and clear. &lt;!-- Location: 2142 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Business rules themselves may be closely tied to the application, or they may be more general. For example, the
validation of input fields is a business rule that is closely tied to the application itself. In contrast, the
calculation of interest on an account and the counting of inventory are business rules that are more closely
associated with the domain. These two different kinds of rules will change at different rates, and for different
reasons—so they should be separated so that they can be independently changed. &lt;!-- Location: 2145 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;So long as the layers and use cases are decoupled, the architecture of the system will support the organization of the
teams, irrespective of whether they are organized as feature teams, component teams, layer teams, or some other
variation. &lt;!-- Location: 2183 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;But there are different kinds of duplication. There is true duplication, in which every change to one instance
necessitates the same change to every duplicate of that instance. Then there is false or accidental duplication. If two
apparently duplicated sections of code evolve along different paths—if they change at different rates, and for different
reasons—then they are not true duplicates. Return to them in a few years, and you’ll find that they are very different
from each other. &lt;!-- Location: 2191 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A good architecture will allow a system to be born as a monolith, deployed in a single file, but then to grow into a
set of independently deployable units, and then all the way to independent services and/or micro-services. Later, as
things change, it should allow for reversing that progression and sliding all the way back down into a monolith.
&lt;!-- Location: 2238 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Strictly speaking, business rules are rules or procedures that make or save the business money. Very strictly speaking,
these rules would make or save the business money, irrespective of whether they were implemented on a computer. They
would make or save money even if they were executed manually. &lt;!-- Location: 2588 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The critical rules and critical data are inextricably bound, so they are a good candidate for an object. We’ll call this
kind of object an Entity. &lt;!-- Location: 2596 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A use case is a description of the way that an automated system is used. It specifies the input to be provided by the
user, the output to be returned to the user, and the processing steps involved in producing that output. A use case
describes application-specific business rules as opposed to the Critical Business Rules within the Entities.
&lt;!-- Location: 2619 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Ideally, the code that represents the business rules should be the heart of the system, with lesser concerns being
plugged in to them. The business rules should be the most independent and reusable code in the system.
&lt;!-- Location: 2655 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;If your system architecture is all about the use cases, and if you have kept your frameworks at arm’s length, then you
should be able to unit-test all those use cases without any of the frameworks in place. You shouldn’t need the web
server running to run your tests. &lt;!-- Location: 2703 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Typically the data that crosses the boundaries consists of simple data structures. You can use basic structs or simple
data transfer objects if you like. Or the data can simply be arguments in function calls. Or you can pack it into a
hashmap, or construct it into an object. The important thing is that isolated, simple data structures are passed across
the boundaries. We don’t want to cheat and pass Entity objects or database rows. We don’t want the data structures to
have any kind of dependency that violates the Dependency Rule. &lt;!-- Location: 2794 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The Humble Object pattern is a design pattern that was originally identified as a way to help unit testers to separate
behaviors that are hard to test from behaviors that are easy to test. The idea is very simple: Split the behaviors into
two modules or classes. One of those modules is humble; it contains all the hard-to-test behaviors stripped down to
their barest essence. The other module contains all the testable behaviors that were stripped out of the humble object.
&lt;!-- Location: 2829 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;As useful as services are to the scalability and develop-ability of a system, they are not, in and of themselves,
architecturally significant elements. The architecture of a system is defined by the boundaries drawn within that
system, and by the dependencies that cross those boundaries. That architecture is not defined by the physical
mechanisms by which elements communicate and execute. &lt;!-- Location: 3226 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;You can think of well-defined components in a monolithic application as being a stepping stone to a micro-services
architecture. &lt;!-- Location: 3972 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
        <pubDate>Tue, 27 Mar 2018 19:00:00 -0300</pubDate>
        <link>https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/robert-martin-clean-architecture</link>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/robert-martin-clean-architecture</guid>
        
        
      </item>
    
      
      <item>
        <title>Kanban (David Anderson)</title>
        <description>&lt;p&gt;The seminal book on Kanban for software development is still a sound foundation on the matter. Indeed, it is the best book on Kanban to date. This is easily justified by the fact that David Anderson explains Kanban through the original implementations of the method.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Anderson starts the book telling his motivations for solving the Agile manager’s dilemma: how to scale agility in large organizations and how to achieve a sustainable pace? The author tells his professional history back at Sprint PCS (which became a Motorola-owned company) where he was persuaded to influence other teams without success. His conclusion was that prescriptively enforcing a software development process on a team doesn’t work. Every situation is unique (organizations, teams, and projects are different) and this creates resistance to change.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The stories are very interesting as they resonate easily in every software development professional. They are about derailing projects in the hands of teams with low morale. However, the outcomes are even more interesting: the Microsoft case had a 200% productivity boost and 90% lead time reduction. At Corbis (chapter 5), a strong continuous improvement culture emerged (and the documented Kanban Method in the book).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In both cases, a uniquely tailored process was created for each context. This emergent Lean behavior is due to the application of the Core Practices of Kanban: Visualize Workflow, Limit WIP, Measure and Manage Flow, Make Process Policies Explicit and Use Models to Recognize Improvement Changes.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Then the book goes on with a practical explanation on how to adopt Kanban. The chapters 6 (Mapping the Value Stream), 10 (Setting Work-in-Progress Limits), 12 (Metrics and Management Reporting), 16 (Three Types of Improvement Opportunity) and 17 (Bottlenecks and Non-Instant Availability) are enlightening and the author succeeds in adapting all these practices and explaining them in a seemingly logical progression.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;If you want to adopt Kanban, this is the book to start. You will understand the motivations that drove the evolution of the method from the pioneer’s perspective. Then look for fresher references, since the method evolved since then. The Core Practices (Chapter 3) were refined, the Foundational Principles were introduced and the System Thinking Approach to Introducing Kanban replaced the Recipe for Success (Chapter 3). &lt;a href=&quot;/books/mike-burrows-kanban-from-inside&quot;&gt;Kanban from the Inside&lt;/a&gt; (the parts I and III) and &lt;a href=&quot;/books/mattias-skarin-real-world-kanban&quot;&gt;Real-World Kanban&lt;/a&gt; are good follow-up readings.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The drawback on the Kindle edition are the low-resolution pictures of Kanban boards.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;some-quotes&quot;&gt;Some quotes&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In the remainder of this book I describe Kanban (capital K) as the evolutionary change method that utilizes a kanban (small k) pull system, visualization, and other tools to catalyze the introduction of Lean ideas into technology development and IT operations. The process is evolutionary and incremental. Kanban enables you to achieve context-specific process optimization with minimal resistance to change while maintaining a sustainable pace for the workers involved. &lt;!-- Page: 6 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In many ways, knowledge work is the antithesis of a repetitive production activity. Software development is most certainly not like manufacturing. The domains exhibit wildly different attributes. Manufacturing has low variability, while much of software development is highly variable and seeks to exploit variability through novelty in design in order to drive profit. &lt;!-- Page: 7 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;As should become evident in subsequent chapters, we use a kanban system to limit a team’s work-in-progress to a set capacity and to balance the demand on the team against the throughput of their delivered work. By doing this we can achieve a sustainable pace of development so that all individuals can achieve a work versus personal life balance. As you will see, Kanban also quickly flushes out issues that impair performance, and it challenges a team to focus on resolving those issues in order to maintain a steady flow of work. &lt;!-- Page: 14 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Collaborative analysis and design improve quality. When teams are asked to work together to analyze problems and design solutions, the quality is higher. I encourage teams to hold collaborative team analysis and design modeling sessions. Design modeling should be done in small batches every day. Scott Ambler has called this Agile Modeling. &lt;!-- Page: 24 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;There is causation between quantity of work-in-progress and average lead time, and the relationship is linear. In the manufacturing industry, this relationship is known as Little’s Law. The evidence from these two teams at Motorola suggests that there is a correlation between increased lead time and poorer quality. Longer lead times seem to be associated with significantly poorer quality. In fact, an approximately six-and-a-half times increase in average lead time resulted in a greater than 30-fold increase in initial defects. Longer average lead times result from greater amounts of work-in-progress. &lt;!-- Page: 27 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Reducing work-in-progress, or shortening the length of an iteration, will have a significant impact on initial quality. It appears that the relationship between quantity of work-in-progress and initial quality is non-linear; that is, defects will rise disproportionately to increases in quantity of WIP. &lt;!-- Page: 28 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Complexity in knowledge-work problems grows exponentially with the quantity of work-in-progress. Meanwhile, our human brains struggle to cope with all this complexity. So much of knowledge transfer and information discovery in software development is tacit in nature and is created during collaborative working sessions, face-to-face. The information is verbal and visual but it’s in a casual format like a sketch on a whiteboard. Our minds have a limited capacity to store all this tacit knowledge and it degrades while we store it. We fail to recall precise details and make mistakes. If a team is co-located and always available to each other, this memory loss can be corrected through repeated discussion or tapping the shared memory of a group of people. So agile teams co-located in a shared workspace are more likely to retain tacit knowledge longer. &lt;!-- Page: 30 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Recently, it’s become popular in the Agile community to talk about business-value optimization and how the production rate of working code (called the “velocity” of software development) is not an important metric. This is because business value delivered is the true measure of success. While this may ultimately be true, it is important not to lose sight of the capability maturity ladder that a team must climb. Most organizations are incapable of measuring and reporting business value delivered. They must first build capability in basic skills before they try greater challenges. &lt;!-- Page: 32 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;By this time the team had reduced the lead time to an average of 14 days against an 11-day engineering time. The due-date performance on the 25-day delivery time target was 98 percent. The throughput of requests had risen more than threefold, while lead times had dropped by more than 90 percent, and reliability improved almost as much. No changes were made to the software development or testing process. &lt;!-- Page: 44 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In Japanese, the word kaizen literally means “continuous improvement.” A workplace culture where the entire workforce is focused on continually improving quality, productivity, and customer satisfaction is known as a “kaizen culture.” &lt;!-- Page: 49 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Adopting Kanban should change the culture of your organization and help it mature. If the adoption is done correctly, the organization will morph into one that adopts change readily and becomes good at implementing changes and process improvements. &lt;!-- Page: 50 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Adopting Kanban is an investment in the long term capability, maturity, and culture of your organization. It is not intended as a quick fix. &lt;!-- Page: 51 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The physical board had a huge psychological effect compared to anything we got from the electronic tracking tool we used at Microsoft. By attending the standup each day, team members were exposed to a sort of time-lapse photography of the flow of work across the board. Blocked work items were marked with pink tickets, and the team became much more focused on issue resolution and maintaining flow. Productivity jumped dramatically. &lt;!-- Page: 55 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Kanban WIP limits enable “stop the line” behavior. Kanban WIP limits encourage swarming to resolve problems. &lt;!-- Page: 60 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Another school of thought takes a different approach. It suggests that rather than implement loose WIP limits to avoid a challenging introduction of the system, each stage should be buffered, and the activity steps should have tight limits. Bottlenecks and variability will reveal themselves by how full the buffers become. Small, simple changes can then be made to reduce buffer sizes and then eventually you can eliminate unnecessary buffers. &lt;!-- Page: 67 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Particularly in highly innovative and experimental work, there may be several activities that need to happen with a piece of customer-valued work, but those activities do not need to happen in any particular order. In these circumstances, it is important to realize that Kanban should not force you to complete the activities in a given order. What is most important when modeling your kanban system is that it must reflect the way the real work is done. &lt;!-- Page: 74 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;So standups take a different format with a kanban system. The focus is on flow of work. The facilitator, typically a project manager or a line manager, will “walk the board.” The convention has developed to work backward—from right to left (in the direction of pull)—through the tickets on the board. The facilitator might solicit a status update on a ticket or simply ask if there is any additional information that is not on the board and may not be known to the team. Particular emphasis will be placed on items that are blocked (have a pink ticket attached) or delayed due to defects (have a series of blue tickets attached). Questions may also be asked about items that appear to be stuck and have not moved for a few days. &lt;!-- Page: 82 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A good rule of thumb might be that if the backlog exceeds three months’ worth of work, that is, three months of delivery throughput, and all the items in the backlog cannot enter the system within that time, it would be a good idea to prune the backlog. &lt;!-- Page: 87 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Kanban still delivers on the Principles Behind the Agile Manifesto19. However, Kanban avoids any dysfunction introduced by artificially forcing things into time-boxes. &lt;!-- Page: 92 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;By avoiding detailed estimates as much as possible, the transaction costs are minimized, which facilitates more frequent prioritization meetings. &lt;!-- Page: 107 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The sizing of the buffer is important. Again, you want it to be as small as possible. Buffers and queues add WIP to your system and their effect is to lengthen lead time. However, buffers and queues smooth flow and improve the predictability of that lead time. By smoothing flow, they increase throughput, so more work is delivered through the kanban system. Buffers also ensure that people are kept working and provide for greater utilization. There needs to be balance, and buffers help maintain it. &lt;!-- Page: 115 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Queue and buffer sizes should be adjusted empirically as required. Hence, do not fret over a decision to establish a WIP limit. Do not delay rollout of your kanban system because you can’t agree on the perfect WIP-limit numbers. Choose something! Choose to make progress with imperfect information and then observe and adjust. Kanban is an empirical process. &lt;!-- Page: 116 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Commitments in Kanban are made against lead time and target delivery dates. Throughput may be used on larger projects to indicate the approximate time to completion with appropriate buffering for variation. &lt;!-- Page: 143 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Although our main goal with Kanban is to introduce change with minimal resistance, there must be other goals. Change for the sake of change is pointless. These other goals should reflect genuine business needs such as high-quality, predictable delivery. &lt;!-- Page: 168 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Kanban does not offer a commitment on a certain amount of work delivered on a certain day. It offers a commitment against the service-level agreements for each class of service, underpinned with a commitment to reliable regular delivery, transparency, flexibility on prioritization and processing, and continuous improvement on quality, throughput, frequency of delivery, and lead time. &lt;!-- Page: 177 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The five elements—WIP, prioritization, delivery, classes of service, and lead time—provide levers that can be pulled to affect the performance of the system. The skill is in knowing how to pull those levers and how to trade off options to devise an agreement that will work effectively. &lt;!-- Page: 179 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In general, any form of meeting is a coordination activity, including favorites of the Agile community, such as daily standup meetings, unless the meeting is designed to produce a customer-valued deliverable. If three developers get together at a whiteboard and model a design for code they are about to implement, this is not a coordination activity, it is a value-added activity. Why? It is valued-added because it produces information that builds toward a complete customer-valued function. &lt;!-- Page: 214 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The process definition in use on your team, expressed as policies, represents the rules of the collaborative game of software development.&lt;!-- Page: 220 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Early literature describing the Extreme Programming method explained user stories as a narrative description of a feature as implemented and used by an end user, written on an index card. The only constraint was the size of the card. The effort required to create a user story was described as anything from a half-day to 5 weeks of work. &lt;!-- Page: 221 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;By aligning all the groups up and down the value stream with the same goals, there is an incentive for swarming behavior to emerge. Everyone wins when idle people volunteer to collaborate to resolve an issue that affects them even though it is not in their immediate work area or area of responsibility. &lt;!-- Page: 229 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
        <pubDate>Sun, 28 Jan 2018 20:00:00 -0200</pubDate>
        <link>https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/david-anderson-kanban</link>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/david-anderson-kanban</guid>
        
        
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      <item>
        <title>Cerrado por Fútbol (Eduardo Galeano)</title>
        <description>&lt;p&gt;Fue una sorpresa para mí descubrir que Galeano, autor de “Las Venas Abiertas de América Latina”, era apasionado por el fútbol. “Cerrado por Fútbol” contiene todos los textos que Galeano escribió sobre fútbol, incluyendo textos inéditos.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Los amantes del deporte, especialmente los latinos americanos, van a se encantar con el libro. Galeano cuenta historias del fútbol mundial, de las Copas del Mundo, de los artistas de la pelota y de hinchas notables. Pero también cuenta del uso del fútbol por las dictaduras militares suramericanas, del prejuicio (en las canchas y en los deportes olímpicos) y de la dudosa gestión del fútbol por la FIFA.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Con más de 50 años de carrera, los textos de Galeano van desde recuerdos de la Copa de 1950 hasta la Copa de 2014. El seleccionado uruguayo tiene destaque especial, són muchos los textos sobre la Copa de 50. En las palabras de él, Obdulio Varela, “El Jefe Negro”, gaña vida. Capitán de la selección de Uruguay, Obdulio participó de la huelga de los jugadores uruguayos en 1949 y, un año después, lideró Uruguay en el Maracanazzo con el tobillo inflamado.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Después de la victória, él fue celebrar en soledad en “cualquier cafetín, pero por todas partes encuentra brasileños llorando. (…) Y Obdulio siente estupor por haberles tenido bronca, ahora que los ve de a uno. La victoria empieza a pesarle en el lomo. Él arruinó la fiesta de esta buena gente. (…) Y así amanece, bebiendo, abrazado a los vencidos”.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Los dioses de la pelota, Pelé y Maradona, también són personajes que aparecen en la obra. Es interesante la descripción de Pelé como el rey del fútbol con solamente 23 años. Ya los textos acerca Maradona dan otra dimensión del personaje que yo no conocía. Maradona fue “adorado no sólo por sus prodigiosos malabarismos sino también porque era un dios sucio, pecador, el más humano de los dioses”.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Las historias de otros personajes notables, pero no famosos, también son deliciosas. Como del hincha que lleva su padre, muerto, para los partidos de Betis. O la historia de Manuel Alba Olivares que quedó ciego pocos minutos después del gol del siglo XX. “Desde entonces, para ver fútbol (…) Manuel pide prestados los ojos de sus amigos. Gracias a ellos, este colombiano ciego fundó y preside un club de futból”.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Este libro es una contribución preciosa para la história humana y para la história del deporte. Recomendado!&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;some-quotes&quot;&gt;Some quotes&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Diego Armando Maradona fue adorado no sólo por sus prodigiosos malabarismos sino también porque era un dios sucio, pecador, el más humano de los dioses. &lt;!-- Location: 330 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Mohammed Ashraf no va a la escuela. Desde que sale el sol hasta que asoma la luna, él corta, recorta, perfora, arma y cose pelotas de fútbol, que salen rodando de la aldea paquistaní de Umar Kot hacia los estadios del mundo. Mohammed tiene once años. Hace esto desde los cinco. Si supiera leer, y leer en inglés, podría entender la inscripción que él pega en cada una de sus obras: Esta pelota no ha sido fabricada por niños. &lt;!-- Location: 411 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Brasil, el dueño de casa, era el favorito indiscutible. Venía de golear a España 6 a 1 y 7 a 1 a Suecia. Por veredicto del destino, Uruguay iba a ser la víctima sacrificada en sus altares en la ceremonia final. Y así estaba ocurriendo, y Uruguay iba perdiendo, y doscientas mil personas rugían en las tribunas, cuando Obdulio, que estaba jugando con un tobillo inflamado, apretó los dientes. Y el que había sido capitán de la huelga fue entonces capitán de una victoria imposible. &lt;!--  Location: 470 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Se llama Léa Campos, es brasileña, fue reina de belleza en Minas Gerais y sigue siendo la primera mujer que ha ejercido el arbitraje en diversos campos de fútbol de Europa y de las Américas. Obtuvo el título tras cuatro años de cursos y exámenes, con diploma y todo, pero más fuerte que sus silbatos suenan todavía los silbidos del público de machos indignados contra la intrusa. El árbitro había sido siempre árbitro, y nunca árbitra. El monopolio masculino se rompió cuando Léa conquistó el mando supremo en las canchas, ante veintidós hombres obligados a obedecer sus órdenes y someterse a sus castigos. &lt;!-- Location: 642 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Desde 1955, y hasta 1970, el fútbol había sido prohibido a las mujeres alemanas. La Asociación Alemana de Fútbol había explicado por qué: En la lucha por la pelota, desaparece la elegancia femenina, y el cuerpo y el alma sufren daños. La exhibición del cuerpo ofende al pudor. &lt;!--  Location: 662 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Pelé, flaquito, casi niño, hincha el pecho, para impresionar, y alza el mentón. Él juega al fútbol como jugaría Dios, si Dios decidiera dedicarse seriamente al asunto. Pelé cita a la pelota donde sea y cuando sea y como sea, y ella nunca le falla. &lt;!-- Location: 806 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Amaga Garrincha tumbando rivales. Media vuelta, vuelta completa. Hace como que va, pero viene. Hace como que viene, pero va. Los rivales caen despatarrados al suelo, uno tras otro, culo en tierra, piernas al aire, como si Garrincha desparramara cáscaras de banana. &lt;!-- Location: 815 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Pienso en Baltazar, estrella ya apagada, que hoy carga bolsas en el puerto de Santos. Y pienso en Garrincha, que, tengo entendido, ha caído en desgracia. Lo digo. Pepe el Gordo se señala la frente: “Pelé tiene fútbol y juicio”, dice, “y Garrincha no”. Detalles sobre el caso: “Abandonó a la mujer y a las ocho hijas. Esa artista ha sido su ruina”. Opino que Elsa Soares bien vale esa misa. Se produce un lamentable equívoco y Pepe el Gordo me contesta que sí, que Él va a misa todos los domingos. &lt;!-- Location: 877 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Suben al podio los campeones olímpicos. Y entonces, en el momento culminante, Tommie Smith, medalla de oro, y John Carlos, medalla de bronce, negros los dos, estadounidenses los dos, alzan sus puños cerrados, en guantes negros, contra el cielo de la noche. El fotógrafo de Life, John Dominis, registra el acontecimiento. Esos puños alzados, símbolos del movimiento revolucionario Panteras Negras, denuncian ante el mundo la humillación racial en los Estados Unidos. &lt;!-- Location: 970 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;(…)&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;De regreso a su país, nadie da trabajo a estos metelíos. John se las arregla como puede y Tommie, que ha conquistado once récords mundiales, lava coches a cambio de la propina. &lt;!-- Location: 976 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Fue pluma y plomo. Boxeando bailaba y demolía. En 1967, Muhammad Alí, nacido Cassius Clay, se negó a vestir el uniforme militar: —Quieren mandarme a matar vietnamitas —dijo—. ¿Quién humilla a los negros en mi país? ¿Los vietnamitas? Ellos nunca me hicieron nada. &lt;!-- Location: 979 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;En gesto de involuntaria adhesión, Pinochet murió el Día Internacional de los Derechos Humanos. &lt;!-- Location: 994 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;En 1949, Gian Piero Boniperti fue el goleador del campeonato italiano y su estrella más brillante. Según dicen los decires, él había nacido al revés, con un piecito pateando el aire, y desde la cuna viajó hacia la gloria futbolera. El club Juventus le pagaba una vaca por gol. &lt;!-- Location: 1019 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;“Traidor”, le dije, “usted es un traidor”. Le mostré el recorte de un diario cubano: él aparecía vestido de pitcher, jugando béisbol. Recuerdo que se rió, nos reímos; si me contestó algo, no sé. &lt;!-- Location: 1097 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;En 1993, el minúsculo Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira no tenía la cantidad de diputados que necesitaba para presentarse a las elecciones presidenciales. Por un precio que osciló entre los treinta mil y los cincuenta mil dólares, el PSDB obtuvo el pase de algunos diputados de otros partidos. Uno de ellos lo admitió, y además lo explicó: —Es lo que hacen los jugadores de fútbol, cuando cambian de club. &lt;!-- Location: 1161 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Hasta el Papa de Roma ha suspendido sus viajes por un mes. Por un mes, mientras dure el Mundial de Italia, estaré yo también cerrado por fútbol, al igual que muchos otros millones de simples mortales. &lt;!-- Location: 1208 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;El fútbol sudamericano, el que más comete todavía estos pecados de lesa eficiencia, parece condenado por las reglas universales del cálculo económico. Ley del mercado, ley del más fuerte. En la organización desigual del mundo, el fútbol sudamericano es una industria de exportación: produce para otros. Nuestra región cumple funciones de sirvienta del mercado internacional. En el fútbol, como en todo lo demás, nuestros países han perdido el derecho de desarrollarse hacia adentro. &lt;!-- Location: 1223 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Pocas cosas ocurren, en América Latina, que no tengan alguna relación, directa o indirecta, con el fútbol. Fiesta compartida o compartido naufragio, el fútbol ocupa un lugar importante en la realidad latinoamericana, a veces el más importante de los lugares, aunque lo ignoren los ideólogos que aman a la humanidad pero desprecian a la gente. &lt;!-- Location: 1340 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;De los equipos latinoamericanos, la verdad sea dicha, el que más me gustó fue Holanda. La selección naranja ofreció un fútbol vistoso, de buen toque y pases cortos, gozador de la pelota. Este estilo se debió, en gran medida, al aporte de sus jugadores venidos de América del Sur: descendientes de esclavos, nacidos en Surinam. &lt;!-- Location: 1348 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Se dirá que algunos se han hecho ricos, y hasta riquísimos, pero eso sólo es verdad para los más cotizados, que además de jugar dos o más partidos por semana, y además de entrenarse noche y día, sacrifican a la sociedad de consumo sus escasos minutos libres vendiendo calzoncillos, autos, perfumes y afeitadoras y posando para las tapas de las revistas de lujo. Y al fin y al cabo, eso sólo prueba que este mundo es tan absurdo que hasta contiene esclavos millonarios. &lt;!-- Location: 1638 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Cuando el mundial comenzó, en la puerta de mi casa colgué un cartel que decía: Cerrado por fútbol. Cuando lo descolgué, un mes después, yo ya había jugado sesenta y cuatro partidos, cerveza en mano, sin moverme de mi sillón preferido. Esa proeza me dejó frito, los músculos dolidos, la garganta rota; pero ya estoy sintiendo nostalgia. &lt;!-- Location: 1651 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;¿Cuál es la pasión del pueblo? Una cosa que se hace con los pies, porque el pueblo piensa con los pies. Ésa sería la posición de la derecha. La de la izquierda es el rechazo del fútbol como instrumento de alienación, como opio del pueblo, como diabólica invención del imperio británico para adormecer a los oprimidos del mundo. Entre esas dos posiciones hay muchos intelectuales y escritores que somos apasionados del fútbol. &lt;!-- Location: 1745 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Quiérase o no, créase o no, el fútbol sigue siendo una de las más importantes expresiones de identidad cultural colectiva, de esas que en plena era de la globalización obligatoria nos recuerdan que lo mejor del mundo está en la cantidad de mundos que el mundo contiene. &lt;!-- Location: 1925 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;La verdad sea dicha, hay un solo lugar donde están parejos el norte y el sur: es la cancha de fútbol del pueblo de Fazendinha, en la costa amazónica de Brasil. La línea del Ecuador corta la cancha por la mitad, de modo que cada equipo juega un tiempo en el hemisferio sur y otro tiempo en el hemisferio norte. &lt;!-- Location: 1966 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Las más altas estrellas del fútbol han padecido el racismo, por ser negros o mulatos, o han sufrido, por ser pobres, la discriminación. Y en muchos casos, sumados el color de la piel y el origen social, han sido víctimas de ambas humillaciones a la vez. En la cancha, han encontrado una alternativa al crimen, al que habían nacido condenados por promedio estadístico. &lt;!-- Location: 2042 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
        <pubDate>Fri, 12 Jan 2018 20:00:00 -0200</pubDate>
        <link>https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/eduardo-galeano-cerrado-futbol</link>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/eduardo-galeano-cerrado-futbol</guid>
        
        
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        <title>Las Venas Abiertas de América Latina (Eduardo Galeano)</title>
        <description>&lt;p&gt;Aun que el propio Galeano tenga renegado “Las Venas Abiertas” en 2014, yo me siento con verguenza de tener leído el libro solamente 47 años después de su publicación. La historia de América Latina es una historia de explotación, traición y sangre.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;El autor cuenta, con una lenguage muy vivida, como que la explotación de América Latina fue la responsable por la expansión del mercantilismo capitalista. Primer, la plata y oro de los países andinos fue, a costo de las vidas de millones de aborígenes, la acumulación originaria de las naciones europeas emergentes.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Después, el ciclo de explotación de los monocultivos (azúcar, cacao, café, tabaco) y los descubrimientos de oro y diamantes en Brasil llevaron a la resurrección de la esclavitud grecorromana. Con eso, hubo la multiplicación de “las naves, las fábricas, los ferrocarriles y los bancos de países que no estaban en el origen ni, con excepción de los Estados Unidos, tampoco en el destino de los esclavos que cruzaban el Atlántico”.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;La Revolución Industrial fue subvencionada por el comercio triangular: esclavos importados desde África para sembrar y consechar el azúcar en América, producido en larga escala para el mercado Europeo. Las colonias, posesiones de España y Portugal, eran instrumentalizadas en provecho de las naciones europeas emergentes, principalmente de Inglaterra.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Así fue forjada una elite orientada para exportar el desarrollo, “nuestras clases dominantes no tienen el menor interés en averiguar si el patriotismo podría resultar más rentable que la traición o si la mendicidad es la única forma posible de la política internacional”.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Hasta el proceso de industrialización fue, nada más, que un robo al ahorro de los países latino americanos. Los brazos baratos són la nueva materia prima de exportación. No que la riqueza del suelo no sea más explotada. “En América Latina es lo normal: siempre se entregan los recursos en nombre de la falta de recursos”. Y cuando no los són, un oportuno golpe de Estado garantiza la orden de las cosas.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;“Las Venas Abiertas” continua, 47 años después, lamentablemente actual. Lectura esencial!&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;some-quotes&quot;&gt;Some quotes&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Incorporadas desde siempre a la constelación del poder imperialista, nuestras clases dominantes no tienen el menor interés en averiguar si el patriotismo podría resultar más rentable que la traición o si la mendicidad es la única forma posible de la política internacional. Se hipoteca la soberanía porque «no hay otro camino»; las coartadas de la oligarquía confunden interesadamente la impotencia de una clase social con el presunto vacío de destino de cada nación.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 86 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;André Gunder Frank ha destacado, en una de sus obras[38], que las regiones hoy día más signadas por el subdesarrollo y la pobreza son aquellas que en el pasado han tenido lazos más estrechos con la metrópoli y han disfrutado de períodos de auge. Son las regiones que fueron las mayores productoras de bienes exportados hacia Europa o, posteriormente, hacia Estados Unidos, y las fuentes más caudalosas de capital: regiones abandonadas por la metrópoli cuando por una u otra razón los negocios decayeron.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 567 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Bolivia, hoy uno de los países más pobres del mundo, podría jactarse –si ello no resultara patéticamente inútil– de haber nutrido la riqueza de los países más ricos. En nuestros días, Potosí es una pobre ciudad de la pobre Bolivia: «La ciudad que más ha dado al mundo y la que menos tiene», como me dijo una vieja señora potosina, envuelta en un kilométrico chal de lana de alpaca, cuando conversamos ante el patio andaluz de su casa de dos siglos. Esta ciudad condenada a la nostalgia, atormentada por la miseria y el frío, es todavía una herida abierta del sistema colonial en América: una acusación. El mundo tendría que empezar por pedirle disculpas.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 581 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;La región de Minas Gerais entró así, impetuosamente, en la historia: la mayor cantidad de oro hasta entonces descubierta en el mundo fue extraída en el menor espacio de tiempo. (…) A lo largo del siglo XVIII, la producción brasileña del codiciado mineral superó el volumen total del oro que España había extraído de sus colonias durante los dos siglos anteriores.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 956 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;El azúcar del trópico latinoamericano aportó un gran impulso a la acumulación de capitales para el desarrollo industrial de Inglaterra, Francia, Holanda y, también, de los Estados Unidos, al mismo tiempo que mutiló la economía del nordeste de Brasil y de las islas del Caribe y selló la ruina histórica de África. El comercio triangular entre Europa, África y América tuvo por viga maestra el tráfico de esclavos con destino a las plantaciones de azúcar. «La historia de un grano de azúcar es toda una lección de economía política, de política y también de moral», decía Augusto Cochin.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1440 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Y en cuanto a Francia, Luis XIV, el Rey Sol, compartía con el rey de España la mitad de las ganancias de la Compañía de Guinea, formada en 1701 para el tráfico de esclavos hacia América, y su ministro Colbert, artífice de la industrialización francesa, tenía motivos para afirmar que la trata de negros era «recomendable para el progreso de la marina mercante nacional»&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1450 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;La resurrección de la esclavitud grecorromana en el Nuevo Mundo tuvo propiedades milagrosas: multiplicó las naves, las fábricas, los ferrocarriles y los bancos de países que no estaban en el origen ni, con excepción de los Estados Unidos, tampoco en el destino de los esclavos que cruzaban el Atlántico.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1456 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;El capital acumulado en el comercio triangular –manufacturas, esclavos, azúcar– hizo posible la invención de la máquina de vapor: James Watt fue subvencionado por mercaderes que habían hecho así su fortuna.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location:  1501 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;La abundancia de alimentos de Palmares contrastaba con las penurias que, en plena prosperidad, padecían las zonas azucareras del litoral. Los esclavos que habían conquistado la libertad la defendían con habilidad y coraje porque compartían sus frutos: la propiedad de la tierra era comunitaria y no circulaba el dinero en el estado negro. «No figura en la historia universal ninguna rebelión de esclavos tan prolongada como la de Palmares. La de Espartaco, que conmovió el sistema esclavista más importante de la antigüedad, duró dieciocho meses.»&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1554 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Ajena, incluso, para el propio Brasil, que no había hecho otra cosa que responder a los cantos de sirena de la demanda mundial de materia prima, pero sin participar en lo más mínimo en el verdadero negocio del caucho: la financiación, la comercialización, la industrialización, la distribución. Y la sirena se quedó muda.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1680 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;En Estados Unidos el café proporciona trabajo a más de seiscientas mil personas: los norteamericanos que distribuyen y venden el café latinoamericano ganan salarios infinitamente más altos que los brasileños, colombianos, guatemaltecos, salvadoreños o haitianos que siembran y cosechan el grano en las plantaciones. Por otra parte la CEPAL nos informa que, por increíble que parezca, el café arroja más riqueza en las arcas estatales de los países europeos, que la riqueza que deja en manos de los países productores.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 1880 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Por la misma época, el ex presidente Teddy Roosevelt recordaba en voz alta su exitosa amputación de tierra a Colombia: «I took the Canal», decía el flamante Premio Nobel de la Paz, mientras contaba cómo había independizado a Panamá[88]. Colombia recibiría, poco después, una indemnización de veinticinco millones de dólares: era el precio de un país, nacido para que los Estados Unidos dispusieran de una vía de comunicación entre ambos océanos.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2019 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;América Latina tuvo pronto sus constituciones burguesas, muy barnizadas de liberalismo, pero no tuvo, en cambio, una burguesía creadora, al estilo europeo o norteamericano, que se propusiera como misión histórica el desarrollo de un capitalismo nacional pujante.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2184 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;España y Portugal contaron, en cambio, con una gran abundancia de mano de obra servil en América Latina. A la esclavitud de los indígenas sucedió el trasplante en masa de los esclavos africanos. A lo largo de los siglos, hubo siempre una legión enorme de campesinos desocupados disponibles para ser trasladados a los centros de producción: las zonas florecientes coexistieron siempre con las decadentes, al ritmo de los auges y las caídas de las exportaciones de metales preciosos o azúcar, y las zonas de decadencia surtían de mano de obra a las zonas florecientes.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2501 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Porque al norte de América no había oro ni había plata, ni civilizaciones indígenas con densas concentraciones de población ya organizada para el trabajo, ni suelos tropicales de fertilidad fabulosa en la franja costera que los peregrinos ingleses colonizaron.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2513 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Otro amigo anterior del embajador de los Estados Unidos, el presidente Eurico Dutra (1946-51), había concedido a la Bethlehem Steel, algunos años antes, los cuarenta millones de toneladas de manganeso del estado de Amapá, uno de los mayores yacimientos del mundo, a cambio de un cuatro por ciento para el Estado sobre los ingresos de exportación; desde entonces, la Bethlehem está mudando las montañas a los Estados Unidos con tal entusiasmo que se teme que de aquí a quince años Brasil quede sin suficiente manganeso para abastecer su propia siderurgia.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2557 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;En América Latina es lo normal: siempre se entregan los recursos en nombre de la falta de recursos.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2607 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Antiguamente, las grandes familias limeñas habían florecido a costa de la plata de Potosí, y ahora pasaban a vivir de la mierda de los pájaros y del grumo blanco y brillante de las salitreras.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2651 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;El 21 de agosto de 1961 el presidente Jânio Quadros firmó una resolución que anulaba las ilegales autorizaciones extendidas a favor de la Hanna y restituía los yacimientos de hierro de Minas Gerais a la reserva nacional. Cuatro días después, los ministros militares obligaron a Quadros a renunciar: «Fuerzas terribles se levantaron contra mí…», decía el texto de la renuncia.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 2912 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;El jefe del Consejo Nacional del Petróleo de Brasil, general Horta Barbosa, viajó a Montevideo y se entusiasmó con la experiencia: la refinería uruguaya había pagado casi la totalidad de sus gastos de instalación durante el primer año de trabajo. Gracias a los esfuerzos del general Barbosa, sumados al fervor de otros militares nacionalistas, Petrobrás, la empresa estatal brasileña, pudo iniciar sus operaciones en 1953 al grito de O petróleo é nosso! Actualmente, Petrobrás es la mayor empresa de Brasil[45]. Explora, extrae y refina el petróleo brasileño. Pero también Petrobrás fue mutilada.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 3053 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Las colonias del norte no enviaban a Inglaterra plata ni oro ni azúcar, y en cambio sus necesidades de consumo provocaban un exceso de importaciones que era preciso contrarrestar de alguna manera. No eran intensas las relaciones comerciales a través del mar; resultaba imprescindible desarrollar las manufacturas locales para sobrevivir.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 3795 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Cuando declaró su independencia, la población norteamericana equivalía, en cantidad, a la de Brasil. La metrópoli portuguesa, tan subdesarrollada como la española, exportaba su subdesarrollo a la colonia. La economía brasileña había sido instrumentalizada en provecho de Inglaterra, para abastecer sus necesidades de oro todo a lo largo del siglo XVIII.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 3804 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Los principales intérpretes de los ideales de las clases dominantes en ambos países, Alexander Hamilton y el Vizconde de Cairú, expresan claramente la diferencia entre una y otra[59]. Ambos habían sido discípulos, en Inglaterra, de Adam Smith. Sin embargo, mientras Hamilton se había transformado en un paladín de la industrialización y promovía el estímulo y la protección del Estado a la manufactura nacional, Cairú creía en la mano invisible que opera en la magia del liberalismo: dejad hacer, dejad pasar, dejad vender.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 3808 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;En realidad, el «espíritu de empresa», que define una serie de rasgos característicos de la burguesía industrial en los países capitalistas desarrollados, fue, en América Latina, una característica del Estado, sobre todo en estos períodos de impulso decisivo.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 3956 --&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Por otra parte, cada vez que una universidad o un centro de cultura superior intenta, en América Latina, impulsar las ciencias básicas para echar las bases de una tecnología no copiada de los moldes y los intereses extranjeros, un oportuno golpe de Estado destruye la experiencia bajo el pretexto de que así se incuba la subversión[97].&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Location: 4627 --&gt;
</description>
        <pubDate>Sat, 06 Jan 2018 08:00:00 -0200</pubDate>
        <link>https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/eduardo-galeano-venas-abiertas</link>
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        <title>Real-World Kanban: Do Less, Accomplish More with Lean Thinking (Mattias Skarin)</title>
        <description>&lt;p&gt;Real-World Kanban is a hidden gem of the Kanban literature. It is a collection of four case studies which will give you ideas to experiment on your Kanban initiative.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;All the case studies are presented in the same way: the challenge is introduced and then how they started the Kanban adoption, how the process worked, what lessons were learned, a comparison of now and before and how you can make your own improvements.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The first and last case studies are my preferred ones. The first exposes a Kanban adoption that aimed to improve the full value stream. It is presented an idea to track the customer adoption of a newly released product in the last column of the kanban board, named Customer Usage. If the product idea did not get popular, a root-cause analysis was performed to identify opportunities for improvements.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The last case study is a Kanban adoption outside of IT, in a back-office team. The main improvement was the creation of time to prepare new team members, making everyone on the team be prepared to handle the different work requests.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The only flaw this book have are the small illustrations of the Kanban boards. Both in the online Kindle reader and on the device, it is hard to see the details of them. Fortunately, the illustrations are available on the author’s blog (search the Internet for “10 kanban boards and their context”).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Despite this technical flaw, this book is an excellent source of inspiration. Case studies are not blueprints that should be copied but there are always similarities between contexts that can guide you into adopting one or other idea that can improve your current kanban system.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;some-quotes&quot;&gt;Some quotes&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The key to sustained progress is not so much about implementing a process, but about developing a conducive culture for thinking people to help you evolve — people who care about what and why. Managers who fail to nurture thinking people as their key objective will just copy and paste others’ solutions. These managers tend to be oblivious when their current approach fails to work.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Your leadership is only as strong as the conversation you are ready to have.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Clarifying your intentions, improving the whole, having regular conversations with people doing the work, and taking part in problem solving are examples of leadership behaviors that can help you build up trust capital.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A simple example of improvements that go unnoticed when perfecting parts is rework. Rework, often due to poor quality, hides between functions and is often invisible to the participants in a value stream.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The ability to learn is an essential competitive advantage.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Evaluating output. We achieved three things by shifting management’s attention away from executing detailed plans and toward evaluating and improving output. First, managers focused on quality and flow efficiency instead of resource-usage efficiency. Second, and even more important, managers began to question and reflect on the effectiveness of the current way of doing things. Third, we now had transparency of the current state, which is the stepping stone to impacting the future.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;This became our most important feedback loop — were we delivering things of value? If the customer did not like the product idea, it was put into the Oh Crap! area. Conversely, if the customer liked the product idea and it became frequently used, it would go into the Popular area. If an Oh Crap! event occurred, we brought together the concept owner, the teams involved, and the facilitator to perform a root cause analysis.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The first time I reviewed these prospective new product ideas, I noticed that 40 percent of them did not have answers to the key questions, which would be essential to have a meaningful conversation with the development team. For example, impact was often missing.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Less rework is related to better-prepared inflow, earlier validation, better test coverage, and the ability to mitigate the impact of late changes.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The ticket system turned out to do a pretty good job, and the team was able to use it as a documentation tool rather than as a communication tool. We learned to keep both the system and the board in sync by having the team update the issue tracker before moving tickets on the board.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A challenge to using the 5-Why technique (similar to our root cause diagram) is knowing when to stop. If the cause is outside your sphere of influence, then stop. Strive to do something small that improves things, even if it isn’t the perfect approach. Over time, the small things add up.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We all know that meeting a tight deadline can be done if you work a massive amount of overtime. But the team learned something else. Right after the final release, the project manager noted, “You know what? The team doesn’t do overtime anymore.” That was music to my ears. We had learned how to achieve more of the right things by doing less!&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We cultivated a strong sense of ownership by keeping a document on the left of the board listing all the agreed-upon changes.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Developing things that people want is more important than running faster.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Concepts can help you start a focused conversation so you don’t get lost in the details. If you cannot squeeze your product idea into an A3, you probably haven’t quite grasped its essence yet, so more discovery work is needed.&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
        <pubDate>Mon, 20 Nov 2017 08:00:00 -0200</pubDate>
        <link>https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/mattias-skarin-real-world-kanban</link>
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        <title>Kanban from the Inside: Understand the Kanban Method, Connect it to What You Already Know, Introduce it With Impact (Mike Burrows)</title>
        <description>&lt;p&gt;Kanban from the Inside introduces Kanban through a system of nine values that provides a fresh perspective on the method. If you’re familiar with Kanban, this will give you deeper insights about the method. The values – Transparency, Balance, Collaboration, Customer Focus, Flow, Leadership, Understanding, Agreement, and Respect – are presented while being related to Kanban’s Core Practices and Foundational Principles.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;However, after this first part, the book falls short on the expectations. With a good introductory part I, parts II (which covers outside influences important to Kanban practitioners) and III (which covers the implementation of the Kanban Method) seems to lack the same deepness from the first part.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Not that there are not good insights in parts II and III. On the second part, the chapters on Systems Thinking, Economy Approaches to Flow and Smaller Models are very insightful.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The chapter 11, on Systems Thinking, presents the &lt;em&gt;Double-loop learning&lt;/em&gt; model and the need to engage in deep learning with the goal to remain competitive indefinitely. The chapter 15, on Economy Approaches to Flow, relates the &lt;em&gt;Cost of Delay&lt;/em&gt; with the language of classes of services and presents a simple heuristic that simplifies the prioritization decision process. The chapter 17, on Smaller Models, explains how to read a &lt;em&gt;Cumulative Flow Diagram&lt;/em&gt;, which helps to interpret visually the &lt;em&gt;Little’s Law&lt;/em&gt; (which gives support to make changes in a kanban system).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The part III makes me think that this should not be a recommended introductory book for beginners. The implementation guidance is just too fast and shallow, probably because of the way this book is structured. Although not structured around the STATIK model (&lt;em&gt;Systems Thinking Approach to Introducing Kanban&lt;/em&gt;), the David Anderson’s Kanban book provides a more straightforward recipe for introducing Kanban in an organization. After reading David Anderson’s book, Kanban from the Inside will give you a more humane understanding of the method, which will help you to discover other opportunities for improvement.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;some-quotes&quot;&gt;Some quotes&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;With our kanban board, we have made something quite special—a practical pull system for our invisible commodity, knowledge work.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Look at the quality of interactions around you. Do you see key processes that are hampered by low-quality interactions, delays, back-and-forth conversations, rework, and frustration? If that’s not bad enough, do you see individuals and teams who seem rarely to have the opportunity to engage in high-quality collaboration? Identifying these might be the trigger for something special.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Creative knowledge work isn’t just about what we already know. It is (and I use a piece of technical jargon quite deliberately) a process of knowledge discovery. Use your kanban board to keep reminding you: “What don’t we know?”&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Upstream Kanban is about organizing needs and developing ideas so that there are always good choices on offer when delivery capacity becomes available.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;If there’s a single idea that I’d like you to take away from this chapter, it’s making the mental shift away from doing what is asked, taking orders, fulfilling requests, meeting requirements, and so on, and reorienting the process toward discovering and meeting needs. It’s a shift from an internal perspective (what we think we know) to an external one (what’s still out there to be discovered). It’s also a shift from the past (what we’ve been told) to the future (when the customer’s need will be met).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Organizations often get deeper into trouble because people think that the answer is to keep trying harder. They think that better project management will fix a problem of capacity management (scapegoating project managers, meanwhile), that stronger functional management will improve end-to-end performance (when it can easily make it worse), or that people should just try to do better (when the system is fundamentally unreliable).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Managers don’t determine how the system behaves; they merely interact with it.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;This unlearning and relearning is hard work! Realistically, no one has the energy to engage in double-loop learning all the time, but neither can an organization expect to remain viable if it remains complacent for long. Somehow, the conditions for frequent double-loop learning must be created.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;I have noticed that software projects are often managed under the assumption that the constraint is (and always will be) the development team. Specifically, keeping the developers busy is what counts, even when it is clear that high-quality requirements are in short supply, or that the team’s delivery capability is not being matched by the customer’s ability to realize the planned benefits of the new functionality they receive. Only by challenging these assumptions can we be sure that management attention is in the right place.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Hybrid solutions may be appropriate. For example, if a defect is discovered in a feature that has been released but is still in its validation state or warranty period, its still-visible ticket can be flagged in place and a new work item raised for the rework. This accurately represents two important facts: We have a defective feature out there in production, and its fix is progressing through the system.&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
        <pubDate>Sun, 08 Oct 2017 07:00:00 -0300</pubDate>
        <link>https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/mike-burrows-kanban-from-inside</link>
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        <title>The DevOps Handbook: How to Create World-Class Agility, Reliability, &amp; Security in Technology Organizations (Gene Kim et al.)</title>
        <description>&lt;p&gt;The DevOps Handbook promises to be an essential guide for someone looking to start a DevOps initiative. This is done by documenting the theories, principles, and practices of DevOps using the Three Ways, a specific view of the theory introduced in “The Phoenix Project” book.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The book could not be more authoritative: the four authors are very known members of the DevOps community. This work was much needed, this book is a formalization of the DevOps’ body of knowledge, an amalgamation of domains like Agile Software Development, Lean Manufacturing, The Kanban Method, Systems Thinking, ITIL and more. As a cultural movement, DevOps formed from the bottom-up and this book makes a good work to expose the principles that led to it.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;And if you have some familiarity with Kanban, you will soon realize that it is at the core of this formalization of DevOps. Just read The Three Ways principles: The Principles of Flow, The Principles of Feedback and The Principles of Continual Learning and Experimentation and relate them to Kanban’s Core Practices. If you do not have an understanding of Kanban, this work will show you the importance of the method. That’s being said, Kanban (David Anderson) and Real-World Kanban (Mattias Skarin) are good follow-up readings.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The only downside of the book is its writing style. The rhythm is too slow and it is too repetitive which turns it a boring reading. This is surprising given that Jez Humble (co-author of the “Continuous Delivery” book) and Patrick Debois have a good writing style. Even so, this is a must-read for any IT manager trying to create an organization with world-class agility, reliability, and security. It provides a blueprint to create the continuous learning environment which is the basis for this while introducing to important practices from the other domains.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;some-quotes&quot;&gt;Some quotes&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;DevOps and its resulting technical, architectural, and cultural practices represent a convergence of many philosophical and management movements.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The first phase of work, which includes Design and Development, is akin to Lean Product Development and is highly variable and highly uncertain, often requiring high degrees of creativity and work that may never be performed again, resulting in high variability of process times. In contrast, the second phase of work, which includes Testing and Operations, is akin to Lean Manufacturing. It requires creativity and expertise, and strives to be predictable and mechanistic, with the goal of achieving work outputs with minimized variability (e.g., short and predictable lead times, near zero defects).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The First Way enables fast left-to-right flow of work from Development to Operations to the customer. In order to maximize flow, we need to make work visible, reduce our batch sizes and intervals of work, build in quality by preventing defects from being passed to downstream work centers, and constantly optimize for the global goals.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The Second Way enables the fast and constant flow of feedback from right to left at all stages of our value stream. It requires that we amplify feedback to prevent problems from happening again, or enable faster detection and recovery.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The Third Way enables the creation of a generative, high-trust culture that supports a dynamic, disciplined, and scientific approach to experimentation and risk-taking, facilitating the creation of organizational learning, both from our successes and failures.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;However, interrupting technology workers is easy, because the consequences are invisible to almost everyone, even though the negative impact to productivity may be far greater than in manufacturing.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The equivalent to single piece flow in the technology value stream is realized with continuous deployment, where each change committed to version control is integrated, tested, and deployed into production.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We may inadvertently perpetuate unsafe systems of work due to the way we respond to accidents and incidents. In complex systems, adding more inspection steps and approval processes actually increases the likelihood of future failures. The effectiveness of approval processes decreases as we push decision-making further away from where the work is performed. Doing so not only lowers the quality of decisions but also increases our cycle time, thus decreasing the strength of the feedback between cause and effect, and reducing our ability to learn from successes and failures.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In the technology value stream, our goal is to create a high-trust culture, reinforcing that we are all lifelong learners who must take risks in our daily work. By applying a scientific approach to both process improvement and product development, we learn from our successes and failures, identifying which ideas don’t work and reinforcing those that do. Moreover, any local learnings are rapidly turned into global improvements, so that new techniques and practices can be used by the entire organization.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;“Even more important than daily work is the improvement of daily work.”&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We will actively manage this technical debt by ensuring that we invest at least 20% of all Development and Operations cycles on refactoring, investing in automation work and architecture and non-functional requirements (NFRs, sometimes referred to as the “ilities”), such as maintainability, manageability, scalability, reliability, testability, deployability, and security.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In the field of decision sciences, there are three primary types of organizational structures that inform how we design our DevOps value streams with Conway’s Law in mind: functional, matrix, and market.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Market-oriented organizations optimize for responding quickly to customer needs. These organizations tend to be flat, composed of multiple, cross-functional disciplines (e.g., marketing, engineering, etc.), which often lead to potential redundancies across the organization.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Similarly, functional orientation can also be found with centralized QA and Infosec functions, which may have worked fine (or at least, well enough) when performing less frequent software releases. However, as we increase the number of Development teams and their deployment and release frequencies, most functionally-oriented organizations will have difficulty keeping up and delivering satisfactory outcomes, especially when their work is being performed manually.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We can also achieve our desired DevOps outcomes through functional orientation, as long as everyone in the value stream views customer and organizational outcomes as a shared goal, regardless of where they reside in the organization. (…) Many of the most admired DevOps organizations retain functional orientation of Operations, including Etsy, Google, and GitHub.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, integrating the objectives of QA and Operations into everyone’s daily work reduces firefighting, hardship, and toil, while making people more productive and increasing joy in the work we do. We not only improve outcomes, but our organization is better able to win in the marketplace.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Because Operations is part of the product value stream, we should put the Operations work that is relevant to product delivery on the shared kanban board. This enables us to more clearly see all the work required to move our code into production, as well as keep track of all Operations work required to support the product.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Dr. Laurie Williams performed a study in 2001 that showed “paired programmers are 15% slower than two independent individual programmers, while ‘error-free’ code increased from 70% to 85%. Since testing and debugging are often many times more costly than initial programming, this is an impressive result.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;To do this, we schedule the post-mortem as soon as possible after the accident occurs and before memories and the links between cause and effect fade or circumstances change. (…) In the meeting, we must reserve enough time for brainstorming and deciding which countermeasures to implement. Once the countermeasures have been identified, they must be prioritized and given an owner and timeline for implementation. Doing this further demonstrates that we value improvement of our daily work more than daily work itself.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We assert that DevOps is transformational to how we perform technology work, just as Lean forever transformed how manufacturing work was performed in the 1980s. Those that adopt DevOps will win in the marketplace, at the expense of those that do not. They will create energized and continually learning organizations that out-perform and out-innovate their competitors.&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
        <pubDate>Wed, 09 Aug 2017 07:00:00 -0300</pubDate>
        <link>https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/gene-kim-devops-handbook</link>
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        <title>Sapiens: Uma Breve História da Humanidade (Yuval Noah Harari)</title>
        <description>&lt;p&gt;Sapiens é um livro instigante, que o faz lê-lo compulsivamente, graças a excelente narrativa criada por Yuval Harari para contar a história de nossa espécie.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A promessa do subtítulo do livro, “Uma Breve História da Humanidade”, é cumprida na obra. O arco narrativo é estruturado ao redor das grandes revoluções da nossa espécie: a Revolução Cognitiva, a Revolução Agrícola e a Revolução Científica.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A melhor parte dessa história, como contada por Yuval, está distribuída entre as revoluções Cognitiva e Agrícola. O autor conta como um acaso evolutivo há 70 mil anos deu início à Revolução Cognitiva que fez do &lt;em&gt;Homo sapiens&lt;/em&gt; a única espécie humana sobrevivente. Jornada esta que partilhou, ao longo de dezenas de milhares de anos, com outras espécies humanas que “deixaram para trás alguns ossos, ferramentas de pedras, uns poucos genes em nosso DNA e uma porção de perguntas sem respostas”. Que cultura teríamos hoje se essas outras espécies humanas também coexistissem no planeta?&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;É essa narrativa da história de nossa espécie juntamente com perguntas reflexivas e filosóficas que fazem dessa obra um livro especial. Sapiens lembra em pontos a mais famosa obra de Eduardo Galeano (As Veias Abertas da América Latina) onde a história é contada com uma narrativa vívida, permeada com questionamentos das origens das nossas mazelas. E assim como Galeano, as crenças e valores de Yuval são visíveis na obra, como sua militância ao bem-estar dos animais (Yuval se tornou vegano no decorrer da pesquisa do livro) e sua análise marxista do sistema capitalista.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Voltando às revoluções, Yuval reconstitui como a Revolução Cognitiva livrou a nossa espécie da prisão evolutiva genética, que é lenta e acidental, para uma evolução baseada na criação de mitos compartilhados. Na reconstituição do autor, a cultura foi o elemento central na evolução da nossa espécie e as provas nos cercam a todo momento: nossa realidade é permeada de instituições intersubjetivas. Estados nacionais, empresas, religiões, o dinheiro, as leis e os direitos humanos não existem na natureza. São mitos compartilhados entre bilhões de humanos da espécie sapiens.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Essa crença nos mitos e na ficção tornou possível a colaboração entre centenas e milhares de sapiens que não se conheciam enquanto as outras espécies humanas ficaram limitadas a colaboração em grupos menores. Essa foi a chave para a prosperidade da espécie.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Passando para a Revolução Agrícola (iniciada há 12 mil anos), a passagem mais surpreendente é a da “barganha do trigo”. O trigo domesticou o sapiens e não o contrário. A teoria de Yuval de que, como caçadores-coletores, tínhamos uma vida mais satisfatória, uma dieta mais rica e que no nível individual éramos mais inteligentes e habilidosos é interessante. As primeiras comunidades agrícolas pagaram um alto preço ao conceber os primeiros assentamentos humanos, com aumento na violência, nas doenças por conta da má nutrição e com a diminuição da expectativa de vida.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Esta barganha sustentou a humanidade até a Revolução Científica onde o advento da ciência moderna provocou a revolução da ignorância: descobrimos que não temos respostas para as perguntas mais importantes. Disso surgiu a ideia de progresso, a economia moderna e o surgimento da religião mais difundida de todos os tempos, o capitalismo.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;O livro termina com questões sobre a felicidade da nossa espécie e o acúmulo cada vez maior de poder. Hoje temos o poder de criação e destruição, dominamos o ambiente ao nosso redor e estamos prestes a nos tornar um deus. E como se fosse um diretor de um filme, Yuval termina com um gancho para seu próximo livro, Homo Deus. A conferir!&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;some-quotes&quot;&gt;Some quotes&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Após a Revolução Cognitiva, a fofoca ajudou o &lt;em&gt;Homo sapiens&lt;/em&gt; a formar bandos maiores e mais estáveis. Mas até mesmo a fofoca tem seus limites. Pesquisas sociológicas demonstraram que o tamanho máximo “natural” de um grupo unido por fofoca é de cerca de 150 indivíduos. A maioria das pessoas não consegue nem conhecer intimamente, nem fofocar efetivamente sobre mais de 150 seres humanos. &lt;!-- p35 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Como o &lt;em&gt;Homo sapiens&lt;/em&gt; conseguiu ultrapassar esse limite crítico, fundando cidades com dezenas de milhares de habitantes e impérios que governam centenas de milhões? O segredo foi provavelmente o surgimento da ficcção. Um grande número de estranhos pode cooperar de maneira eficaz se acreditar nos mesmos mitos. &lt;!-- p35 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Em outras palavras, o caçador-coletor médio tinha conhecimentos mais abrangentes, mais profundos e mais variados de seu meio imediato do que a maioria de seus descendentes modernos. Hoje, a maioria das pessoas nas sociedades industriais não precisa saber muito para sobreviver. O que você realmente precisa saber sobre o mundo natural para sobreviver como engenheiro de sistemas, agente de seguros, professor de história ou operário? Você precisa saber muito sobre sua diminuta área de especialização, mas para a grande maioria das necessidades da vida você se apoia cegamente em outros especialistas, cujo conhecimento também é limitado a uma área de especialização minúscula. A coletividade humano conhece, hoje, muito mais do que os bandos antigos. Mas, no nível individual, os antigos caçadores-coletores foram o povo mais conhecedor e habilidoso da história. &lt;!-- p58 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Se juntarmos as extinções em massa na Austrália e na América e acrescentarmos as extinções em menor escala que aconteceram enquanto o &lt;em&gt;Homo sapiens&lt;/em&gt; se espalhava pela África e pela Ásia – tais como as extinções de todas as outras espécies humanas – e as que ocorreram quando os antigos caçadores-coletores povoaram ilhas remotas como Cuba, a conclusão inevitável é que a primeira onda de colonização dos sapiens foi um dos maiores e mais rápidos desastres ecológicos a acometer o reino animal. Mais duramente atingidos foram as grandes criaturas peludas. Na época da Revolução Cognitiva, o planeta abrigava cerca de 200 gêneros de grandes mamíferos terrestres pesando mais de 50 quilos. Na época da Revolução Agrícola, restavam apenas cem. O &lt;em&gt;Homo sapiens&lt;/em&gt; levou à extinção cerca da metade dos grandes animais do planeta muito antes de os humanos inventarem a roda, a escrita ou ferramentas de ferro. &lt;!-- p82 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A Revolução Agrícola certamente aumentou o total de alimentos à disposição da humanidade, mas os alimentos extras não se traduziram em uma dieta melhor ou em mais lazer. Em vez disso, se traduziram em explosões populacionais e elites favorecidas. Em média, um agricultor trabalhava mais que um caçador-coletor e obtinha em troca uma dieta pior. A Revolução Agrícola foi a maior fraude da história. &lt;!-- p89 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Com o tempo, a “barganha do trigo” se tornou cada vez mais onerosa. As crianças morriam aos montes, e os adultos comiam pão com o suor da fronte. Em média, um indivíduo de Jericó de 8500 a.C. tinha uma vida mais difícil do que um indivíduo na Jericó de 9500 a.C. ou de 13000 a.C. Mas ninguém percebeu o que estava acontecendo. Cada geração continuou a viver como a geração anterior, realizando apenas pequenas melhorias aqui e ali no modo como as coisas eram feitas. Paradoxalmente, uma série de “melhorias”, cada uma das quais concebida para tornar a vida mais fácil, sobrecarregaram ainda mais esses agricultores. &lt;!-- p96 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Tais círculos viciosos podem continuar por séculos e até mesmo milênios, perpetuando uma hierarquia imaginada que surgiu de um acontecimento histórico ocasional. Com frequência, a discriminação tende a piorar com o tempo, e não a melhorar. Dinheiro gera dinheiro, e pobreza gera pobreza. Educação gera educação, e ignorância gera ignorância. Os que foram vítimas da história uma vez tendem a ser vitimados novamente. E aquelas que a história privilegiou tendem a ser privilegiados novamente. &lt;!-- p151 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Depois da Revolução Agrícola, as sociedades humanas ficaram ainda maiores e mais complexas, enquanto os constructores imaginados que sustentavam a ordem social também se tornaram mais elaborados. Mitos e ficções habituaram as pessoas, praticamente desde o momento do nascimento, a pensar de determinadas maneiras, a se comportar de acordo com certos padrões, a desejar certas coisas e a seguir certas regras. Dessa forma, criaram instintos artificiais que permitiram que milhões de estranhos cooperassem de maneira efetiva. Essa rede de instintos artificiais é chamada de “cultura”. &lt;!-- p171 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;O comércio de escravos não era controlado por nenhum Estado ou governo. Foi uma iniciativa puramente econômica, organizada e financiada pelo livre mercado de acordo com as leis da oferta e da demanda. As empresas privadas de comércio de escravos vendiam ações nas bolsas de valores de Amsterdã, Londres e Paris. Europeus de classe média à procura de um bom investimento compravam essas ações. Contando com esse dinheiro, as empresas compravam navios, contratavam marinheiros e soldados, compravam escravos na África e os transportavam para a América, onde vendiam escravos aos donos das plantações, usando a receita para comprar produtos como açúcar, cacau, tabaco, algodão e rum. Eles regressavam à Europa, vendiam o açúcar e o algodão por um bom preço e então navegavam para a África para começar outrada rodada. Os acionistas ficavam muito satisfeitos com esse arranjo. &lt;!-- p341 --&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A Revolução Industrial transformou a grade horária e a linha de montagem em um modelo para quase todas as atividades humanas. Logo depois que as fábricas impuseram seus cronogramas ao comportamento humano, as escolas também adotaram grades horárias precisas, seguidas dos hospitais, dos gabinetes de governo e das mercearias. Mesmo em lugares desprovidos de máquinas e linhas de montagem, a grade horária imperou. Se o turno da fábrica termina às cinco da tarde, é melhor o bar das redondezas abrir suas portas às 17h02.&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
        <pubDate>Thu, 08 Jun 2017 07:00:00 -0300</pubDate>
        <link>https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/yuval-harari-sapiens</link>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/yuval-harari-sapiens</guid>
        
        
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      <item>
        <title>Domain-Driven Design Distilled (Vaughn Vernon)</title>
        <description>&lt;p&gt;Domain-Driven Design Distilled is a quick-paced introduction to the subject, a book that can be read in a single afternoon. For whom read Implementing Domain-Driven Design from the same author, it can feel at first a guide for that book, which is misleading.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;This new book offers a concise and fresh overview on the designing of Bounded Context, Subdomains, Context Mapping, Aggregates and Domain Events. Most of the design techniques are explained in a more accessible language than found on IDDD (the “Distilled” in the book’s title is accurate), which is possible thanks to the author’s expertise.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;And the comparison with its previous book stops here. Aside its accessibility, the author explain useful techniques for domain modelling, and the best examples are found on chapters 2 (Strategic Design with Bounded Contexts and the Ubiquitous Language), 5 (Tactical Design with Aggregates) and 6 (Tactical Design with Domain Events) and 7 (Acceleration and Management Tools).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The Event Storming as depicted in chapter 7 is a good example of useful technique not available on IDDD. It is extremely well delivered as a recipe, which makes both good to experiment as one of your first design activities in your’s DDD adoption and to check if you’re doing well.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;If you’re interested in the subject, this book is highly recommended as a starting point.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;some-quotes&quot;&gt;Some quotes&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;DDD is a set of tools that assist you in designing and implementing software that delivers high value, both strategically and tactically. Your organization can’t be the best at everything, so it had better choose carefully at what it must excel. The DDD strategic development tools help you and your team make the competitively best software design choices and integration decisions for your business. Your organization will benefit most from software models that explicitly reflect its core competencies. The DDD tactical development tools can help you and your team design useful software that accurately models the business’s unique operations.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Questions about whether design is necessary or affordable are quite beside the point: design is inevitable. The alternative to good design is bad design, not no design at all.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A word closely related to good is effective, and it possibly more accurately states what we should strive for in software design: effective design. Effective design meets the needs of the business organization to the extent that it can distinguish itself from its competition by means of software. Effective design forces the organization to understand what it must excel at and is used to guide the creation of the correct software model.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;DDD teaches a way of thinking to help you and your team refine knowledge as you learn about your business’s core competencies. This learning process is a matter of discovery through group conversation and experimentation.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;First, a Bounded Context is a semantic contextual boundary. This means that within the boundary each component of the software model has a specific meaning and does specific things. The components inside a Bounded Context are context specific and semantically motivated.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The software model inside the context boundary reflects a language that is developed by the team working in the Bounded Context and is spoken by every member of the team that creates the software model that functions within that Bounded Context. The language is called the Ubiquitous Language because it is both spoken among the team members and implemented in the software model. Thus, it is necessary that the Ubiquitous Language be rigorous—strict, exact, stringent, and tight.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;When compared with all the software your organization uses, a Core Domain is a software model that ranks among the most important, because it is a means to achieve greatness. A Core Domain is developed to distinguish your organization competitively from all others. At the very least it addresses a major line of business. Your organization can’t excel at everything and shouldn’t even try. So you choose wisely what should be part of your Core Domain and what should not. This is the primary value proposition of DDD, and you want to invest appropriately by committing your best resources to a Core Domain.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Yet developers working in a DDD project need to carefully resist the urge to be so technically centered that they cannot accept the business focus of the core strategic initiative. Rather, the developers should reject any uncalled-for terseness and be able to embrace the Ubiquitous Language that is gradually developed by the team inside their particular Bounded Context.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Both developers and Domain Experts should reject any tendency to allow documents to rule over conversation. The best Ubiquitous Language will be developed by a collaborative feedback loop that drives out the combined mental model of the team. Open conversation, exploration, and challenges to your current knowledge base result in deeper insights about the Core Domain.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Is your Ubiquitous Language formed from a set of well-known nouns? Nouns are important, but often software developers put too much emphasis on the nouns within a domain model, forgetting that spoken language is composed of far more than nouns alone.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Another way to think of a Subdomain is that it is a clear area of expertise, assuming that it is responsible for providing a solution to a core area of your business.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Each Aggregate forms a transactional consistency boundary. This means that within a single Aggregate, all composed parts must be consistent, according to business rules, when the controlling transaction is committed to the database.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;An Entity models an individual thing. Each Entity has a unique identity in that you can distinguish its individuality from among all other Entities of the same or a different type. Many times, perhaps even most times, an Entity will be mutable; that is, its state will change over time. Still, an Entity is not of necessity mutable and may be immutable.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A Value Object, or simply a Value, models an immutable conceptual whole. Within the model the Value is just that, a value. Unlike an Entity, it does not have a unique identity, and equivalence is determined by comparing the attributes encapsulated by the Value type. Furthermore, a Value Object is not a thing but is often used to describe, quantify, or measure an Entity.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A Domain Event is a record of some business-significant occurrence in a Bounded Context.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;You must show care in how you name your Domain Event types. The words you use should reflect your model’s Ubiquitous Language. These words will form a bridge between the happenings in your model and the outside world. It’s vital that you communicate your happenings well.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;One of the greatest advantages of using Event Sourcing is that it saves a record of everything that has ever happened in your Core Domain, at the individual occurrence level. This can be very helpful to your business for many reasons, ones that you can imagine today, such as compliance and analytics, and ones that you won’t realize until later.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;You must show care in how you name your Domain Event types. The words you use should reflect your model’s Ubiquitous Language. These words will form a bridge between the happenings in your model and the outside world. It’s vital that you communicate your happenings well.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Event Storming is a rapid design technique that is meant to engage both Domain Experts and developers in a fast-paced learning process. It is focused on the business and business process rather than on nouns and data. (…) It is a very visual approach, which dismisses code from the experimentation and puts everyone on a level footing with the design process.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;I have already mentioned the tendency for teams to “design” using what I call “the task-board shuffle.” It’s just not the way Scrum was meant to be used on a software project. And, to repeat myself again, knowledge acquisition is both a Scrum tenet and a major goal of DDD but is largely ignored in exchange for relentless delivery with Scrum.&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
        <pubDate>Mon, 24 Apr 2017 07:00:00 -0300</pubDate>
        <link>https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/vaughn-vernon-domain-driven-design-distilled</link>
        <guid isPermaLink="true">https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/vaughn-vernon-domain-driven-design-distilled</guid>
        
        
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      <item>
        <title>A Little History of Philosophy (Nigel Warburton)</title>
        <description>&lt;p&gt;I stumbled this book by accident. I never attended Philosophy classes neither read any related material before. But I always had those lost in thoughts moments when reading quotes by the likes of Voltaire, Mill, Rousseau, Marx, Russel, Sartre and Arendt. They seemed to defy common sense and pushed me to think deeper about hard issues. You can’t be indifferent when you read that there is “no way to escape the weight of responsibility that comes with being human.”&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;I felt compelled to read it. The author does an impressive job telling the almost 2.5 thousand years history of the Western Philosophy. He tries to show each philosopher’s main contribution to the field, explaining in understandable terms and with care regarding the historical context.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;It is the only book I read on the Little Histories series and I found it an engaging and joyful reading. 51 philosophers are introduced in the book’s 40 brief chapters (6 to 10 pages each.) For sure, some people may complain about the shallow introduction of some of the philosophers while other can question the presence or absence of certain historical character. I would like a chapter about Bertold Brecht, because I appreciate his words on the political illiterate. But this is a matter of perspective and expectancy. For what the series/book proposes, it delivers successfully.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Be aware that “an unexamined existence is all right for cattle, but not for human beings” (Socrates, chapter 1) and give this book a chance. At least, you’ll have new ideas to reflect while cultivating your garden.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;some-quotes&quot;&gt;Some quotes&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The word ‘philosopher’ comes from the Greek words meaning ‘love of wisdom’.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Life, he (Socrates) declared, is only worth living if you think about what you are doing. An unexamined existence is all right for cattle, but not for human beings.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Unusually for a philosopher, Socrates refused to write anything down. For him talking was far better than writing. Written words can’t answer back; they can’t explain anything to you when you don’t understand them. Face-to-face conversation was much better, he maintained. In conversation we can take into account the kind of person we are talking to; we can adapt what we say so that the message gets across.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Sceptical questioning of this sort is at the heart of philosophy. All the great philosophers have been sceptics in this sense. It is the opposite of dogmatism. Someone who is dogmatic is very confident that they know the truth. Philosophers challenge dogma. They ask why people believe what they do, what sorts of evidence they have to support their conclusions.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;It’s far better to live in a simple way. If your desires are simple they are easy to satisfy and you will have the time and energy to enjoy the things that matter. That was his (Epicurus) recipe for happiness, and it makes a lot of sense.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The next move he made led to one of the best-known lines in philosophy, though many more people know the quotation than understand what it means. Descartes saw that even if the demon existed and was tricking him, there must be something that the demon was tricking. As long as he was having a thought at all, he, Descartes, must exist. The demon couldn’t make him believe that he existed if he didn’t. That’s because something that doesn’t exist can’t have thoughts. ‘I think, therefore I am’ (cogito ergo sum in Latin) was Descartes’ conclusion.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;What philosophers usually admire in geometry is the way it moves by careful logical steps from agreed starting points to surprising conclusions. If the axioms are true, then the conclusions must be true. This sort of geometrical reasoning inspired both René Descartes and Thomas Hobbes.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;His (Locke) view that we have a God-given right to life, freedom, happiness and property influenced the founding fathers who wrote the United States Constitution.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;At a deeper level, though, cultivating our garden, for Voltaire, is a metaphor for doing something useful for humanity rather than just talking about abstract philosophical questions. That’s what the characters in the book need to do to flourish and be happy. But, Voltaire hints strongly, this isn’t just what Candide and his friends should do. It’s what we all ought to do.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;If you asked most people, they’d prefer not to have to pay high taxes. In fact that is a common way for governments to get elected: they simply promise to lower the rate of taxation. Given the choice between paying 20 per cent of their earnings as tax and 5 per cent of their earnings as tax, most people would prefer to pay the lower amount. But that is not the General Will. What everyone says they want if you ask them is what Rousseau would call the Will of All. In contrast, the General Will is what they ought to want, what would be good for the whole community, not just for each person within it thinking selfishly.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;If you do something just because of how you feel that is not a good action at all. Imagine someone who felt disgust when they saw the young man, but still went ahead and helped him out of duty. That person would be more obviously moral in Kant’s eyes than someone who acted from compassion. That’s because the disgusted person would clearly be acting from a sense of duty because their emotions would be pushing in the completely opposite direction, encouraging them not to help.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Mill argued in The Subjection of Women (1869) that the sexes should be treated equally both in law and in society more generally. Some around him claimed that women were naturally inferior to men. He asked how they could possibly know this when women had so often been prevented from reaching their full potential: they were kept away from higher education and many professions. Above all, he wanted greater equality of the sexes.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;For Marx, the whole of human history could be explained as a class struggle: the struggle between the rich capitalist class (the bourgeoisie) and the working class or proletariat. This relationship stopped human beings achieving their potential and turned work into something painful rather than a fulfilling kind of activity.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;For Russell there was no chance of God stepping in to save humanity: our only chance lay in using our powers of reason. People were drawn to religion, he believed, because they were afraid of dying. Religion comforted them. It was very reassuring to believe that a God exists who will punish evil people, even if they get away with murder and worse on earth. But it wasn’t true. God doesn’t exist. And religion nearly always produced more misery than happiness. He did allow that Buddhism might be different from most other religions, but Christianity, Islam, Judaism and Hinduism all had a lot to answer for. These religions throughout their histories had been the cause of war, individual suffering and hatred. Millions had died as a result of them.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;There is no way to escape the weight of responsibility that comes with being human. (Sartre)&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In The Second Sex, Simone de Beauvoir gave this existentialism a different twist by claiming that women are not born women; they become women. What she meant was that women tend to accept men’s view of what a woman is. To be what men expect you to be is a choice. But women, being free, can decide for themselves what they want to be. They have no essence, no way given by nature that they have to be.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Language is public, and it requires publicly available ways of checking that we are making sense. When a child learns to ‘describe’ her pain, Wittgenstein says, what happens is that the parent encourages the child to do various things, such as say ‘It hurts’ – the equivalent in many ways to the quite natural expression ‘Aaargh!’&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;But now in Jerusalem, Arendt was to meet a very different sort of Nazi. Here was a rather ordinary man who chose not to think too hard about what he was doing. His failure to think had disastrous consequences. But he wasn’t the evil sadist that she might have expected to find. He was something far more common but equally dangerous: an unthinking man.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Rawls’ stroke of genius was to come up with a thought experiment – he called it ‘The Original Position’ – that plays down some of the selfish biases we all have. His central idea is very simple: design a better society, but do it without knowing what position in society you’ll occupy. You don’t know whether you’ll be rich, poor, have a disability, be good looking, male, female, ugly, intelligent or unintelligent, talented or unskilled, homosexual, bisexual or heterosexual. He thinks you will choose fairer principles behind this imaginary ‘veil of ignorance’ because you won’t know where you might end up, what kind of a person you might be. From this simple device of choosing without knowing your own place, Rawls developed his theory of justice. This was based on two principles he thought all reasonable people would accept, principles of freedom and equality.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Philosophy, after all, thrives on debate. It thrives on people taking positions against each other and arguing, using logic and evidence.&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
        <pubDate>Fri, 14 Apr 2017 17:30:00 -0300</pubDate>
        <link>https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/nigel-warburton-little-history-philosophy</link>
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        <title>Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us (Daniel Pink)</title>
        <description>&lt;p&gt;Drive’s premise is that we’re running our society, business and lives disregarding what science knows about motivation.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;This book is a must read for business leaders and managers. It is time to loose away from the old habits and understand the complex puzzle of motivation. Why are we still running business like Taylor prescribed in the early 1900’s? Why do we create bonus structures and not just paying people an adequate salary? Why do we kill creativity by setting up goals and determining how people should do their tasks in creative jobs?&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;This book shows the discoveries from science on human behavior over the last 60 years that forms the foundation of Pink’s approach to motivation - which he calls Motivation 3.0 - and that consists of three elements: Autonomy (the desire to direct our own lives), Mastery (the urge to make progress and get better at something that matters); and Purpose (the yearning to do what we do in service of something larger than ourselves).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The approach is rooted on his Type I and Type X behavioral patterns. Type X behavior is fueled by extrinsic desires and concerns less with the inherent satisfaction of an activity. The Type I is quite the opposite. Pink states that we’re both born and made Type I individuals but we’re turned into Type X by the experiences at home, in school and at work. However, with practice and attitude, we can become Type I individuals.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;“The Type I behavior is self-directed. It is devoted to becoming better and better at something that matters. And it connects that quest for excellence to a larger purpose.”&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Besides the scientific discoveries, Pink also shows the strategies of future-facing business and organizations to create the purposeful environment for “autonomous people working toward mastery” which “perform at very high levels”. Examples come from open source projects (Apache, Linux, Wikipedia) and diverse industries like software (Atlassian, Google, Redgate), telecom (Ericsson), logistics (Green Cargo) and manufacturing (3M, Toyota). They are good references to ground a transformational initiative in your organization.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;It is also interesting how Pink’s approach is pervassive in the Agile software development model and in Lean/Kanban software development methodologies. The Agile Manifesto is discussed in the book as one of the most robust expression of Motivation 3.0, which have among its core principles a call for autonomy and mastery. Lean calls to base management decisions on a long-term philosophy, even at the expense of short-term financial goals. Kanban enables a kaizen culture (continuous improvement).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Building organizations to stand the test of time in the 21st century will require a full upgrade of our management practices. As Pink points out, “Some skeptics insist that innovation is expensive. In the long run, innovation is cheap. Mediocrity is expensive—and autonomy can be the antidote.” and “Greatness and nearsightedness are incompatible. Meaningful achievement depends on lifting one’s sights and pushing toward the horizon.”&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Roll up your sleeves and let’s “craft a new operating system to help ourselves, our companies, and our world work a little better”!&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;some-quotes&quot;&gt;Some quotes&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Wikipedia represents the most powerful new business model of the twenty-first century: open source.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Type I’s don’t turn down raises or refuse to cash paychecks. But one reason fair and adequate pay is so essential is that it takes people’s focus off money, which allows them to concentrate on the work itself. By contrast, for many Type X’s, money is the table. It’s why they do what they do. Recognition is similar. Type I’s like being recognized for their accomplishments—because recognition is a form of feedback. But for them, unlike for Type X’s, recognition is not a goal in itself.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Greatness and nearsightedness are incompatible. Meaningful achievement depends on lifting one’s sights and pushing toward the horizon.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Human beings have an innate inner drive to be autonomous, self-determined, and connected to one another. And when that drive is liberated, people achieve more and live richer lives.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Or take management’s embrace of “flex time.” Ressler and Thompson call it a “con game,” and they’re right. Flexibility simply widens the fences and occasionally opens the gates. It, too, is little more than control in sheep’s clothing. The words themselves reflect presumptions that run against both the texture of the times and the nature of the human condition. In short, management isn’t the solution; it’s the problem.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;And what a few future-facing businesses are discovering is that one of these essential features is autonomy—in particular, autonomy over four aspects of work: what people do, when they do it, how they do it, and whom they do it with. As Atlassian’s experience shows, Type I behavior emerges when people have autonomy over the four T’s: their task, their time, their technique, and their team.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The first two legs of the Type I tripod, autonomy and mastery, are essential. But for proper balance we need a third leg—purpose, which provides a context for its two mates. Autonomous people working toward mastery perform at very high levels. But those who do so in the service of some greater objective can achieve even more. The most deeply motivated people—not to mention those who are most productive and satisfied—hitch their desires to a cause larger than themselves.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Solving complex problems requires an inquiring mind and the willingness to experiment one’s way to a fresh solution. Where Motivation 2.0 sought compliance, Motivation 3.0 seeks engagement. Only engagement can produce mastery. And the pursuit of mastery, an important but often dormant part of our third drive, has become essential in making one’s way in today’s economy.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;For example, researchers at Cornell University studied 320 small businesses, half of which granted workers autonomy, the other half relying on top-down direction. The businesses that offered autonomy grew at four times the rate of the control-oriented firms and had one-third the turnover.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Begin with a diverse team. As Harvard’s Teresa Amabile advises, “Set up work groups so that people will stimulate each other and learn from each other, so that they’re not homogeneous in terms of their backgrounds and training. You want people who can really cross-fertilize each other’s ideas.”&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The most important aspect of any compensation package is fairness. And here, fairness comes in two varieties—internal and external. Internal fairness means paying people commensurate with their colleagues. External fairness means paying people in line with others doing similar work in similar organizations.&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
        <pubDate>Mon, 27 Mar 2017 07:30:00 -0300</pubDate>
        <link>https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/daniel-pink-drive</link>
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        <title>Número Zero (Umberto Eco)</title>
        <description>&lt;p&gt;Número Zero mostra o que deve ser o verdadeiro manual de redação da grande imprensa brasileira. Denegrir e desinformar é a norma. O capítulo V começa com uma verdadeira aula de como misturar opiniões com fatos, com o objetivo de transmitir a opinião do jornalista: “A esperteza está em pôr antes entre aspas uma opinião banal e depois outra opinião, mais racional, que se assemelhe muito à opinião do jornalista. Assim o leitor tem a impressão de estar sendo informado de dois fatos, mas é induzido a aceitar uma única opinião como a mais convincente.”&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;O livro inteiro é uma ótima crítica à imprensa, como o abuso dos lugares comuns (“no olho do furacão”, “o governo anuncia um pacote de sacrifícios”) ao qual estamos mais do que habituados a ler e ouvir.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A história se passa em 1992, ano que Eco escolheu por “marcar o momento de um declínio da sociedade italiana”. Era o início da operação Mani Pulite (Mãos Limpas), ao qual arrasou com boa parte da classe política da época e que possibilitou a ascensão de Silvio Berlusconi.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;E para quem acha um exagero quando é afirmado na redação que “nosso editor disse uma vez que seus telespectadores estão numa faixa média de idade (digo, idade mental) de doze anos”, basta lembrar que o editor-chefe do telejornal mais assistido do Brasil definiu o telespectador médio como um “Homer Simpson”.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 id=&quot;some-quotes&quot;&gt;Some quotes&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Os perdedores, assim como os autodidatas, sempre têm conhecimentos mais vastos que os vencedores, e quem quiser vencer deverá saber uma única coisa e não perder tempo sabendo todas, o prazer da erudição é reservado aos perdedores. Quanto mais coisas uma pessoa sabe, menos coisas deram certo para ela.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;“No seu gênero é um Deus. O gênero é que é uma merda.”&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A esperteza está em pôr antes entre aspas uma opinião banal e depois outra opinião, mais racional, que se assemelhe muito à opinião do jornalista.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;O leitor só vai entender o que está acontecendo se lhe disserem que há uma queda de braço entre duas forças, que o governo anuncia um pacote de sacrifícios, que vamos subir a ladeira, que o Quirinal está em pé de guerra, que Craxi disparou à queima-roupa, que o tempo urge, que não deve ser demonizado, que não é hora de dar apoio tapando o nariz, que estamos com a água no pescoço, ou então que estamos no olho do furacão. E o político não diz nem afirma com energia, mas dispara. E as forças da ordem agiram com profissionalismo.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Existe uma ótima palavra alemã, Schadenfreude, satisfação pessoal com a infelicidade alheia. É esse sentimento que o jornal deve respeitar e alimentar. Mas por enquanto não somos obrigados a cuidar dessas misérias, e a indignação fica para os jornais de esquerda, que são especializados nisso. Além disso não é uma notícia tão empolgante. Mataram uns magistrados e matarão outros. Ainda teremos boas oportunidades. Por ora adiamos.&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
        <pubDate>Sat, 04 Mar 2017 07:30:00 -0300</pubDate>
        <link>https://blog.eriksen.com.br/books/umberto-eco-numero-zero</link>
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